Summary and Analysis of The Knights Tale Essay -- The Knights Tale E

Summary and Analysis of The Knights TaleThe Knights Tale, Part IThe Knight begins his tosh with the story of a prince named Theseus who married Hippolyta, the queen of Scythia, and brought her and her sister, Emelye, back to capital of Greece with him after conquering her kingdom of Amazons. When Theseus returned home victorious, he became aware that there was a confederacy of women clad in black who knelt at the side of the highway, shrieking. The oldest of the women asked Theseus for pity. She told him that she was once the wife of King Cappaneus who was destroyed at Thebes, and that all of the other women with her lost their husbands. Creon, the lord of the town, exactly tossed the dead bodies of the soldiers in a single pile and refused to burn or bury them. Theseus swore vengeance upon Creon, and immediately ordered his armies toward Thebes. Theseus vanquished Creon, and when the soldiers were disposing of the bodies they found devil young knights, Arcite and Palamon, two ro yal cousins, not quite dead. Theseus ordered that they be imprisoned in Athens for life. They passed their time imprisoned in a tower in Athens until they saw Emelye in a nearby garden. Both fall immediately in love with her. Palamon compares her to Venus, and he prays for escape from the prison, while Arcite claims that he would rather be dead than not have Emelye. The two bicker over her, each calling the other a traitor. This happened on a day in which Pirithous, a prince and childhood friend of Theseus, came to Athens. Pirithous had known Arcite at Thebes, and on his request Theseus set Arcite free on the promise that Arcite would never be found in Theseus kingdom. He now had his freedom, but not the ability to pursue Emelye, and lamented the cruelty of fate... ...ructure of the tale gives priority to certain values. Theseus, the arbiter in the conflict between Arcite and Palamon and thus the oddball in the tale who determines the moral significance of the characters actions, places great emphasis on honorable codes of conduct he sets specific rules for the battle meant to ensure justice, and even orders that no soldier shall die in the battle (which then descends from a contest among gladiators to a rough approximation of modern sports). Compounding these values is a drift toward displays of wealth and power. Each of the final particulars in the story are punctuated by great pageantry. On the orders of Theseus, the simple duel between Arcite and Palamon transforms into a gala event requiring the construction of a massive coliseum for two armies to wage war on one another, even bringing in the kings of two foreign nations.

Leadership and Management Essay -- essays research papers

1. A. Is there a difference between effective lead and effective management? Yes, I believe that managers are analytical, structured, controlled, deliberate, and orderly. Leaders are experimental, willing to take chances, visionaries, flexible, unfettered, and creative. These are the differences between management and leaders.B. Someone from the 21st deoxycytidine monophosphate who I believe is an effective leader is Steven Jobs, of Apple computers. I believe he is an effective leader because he pursues visions even when his competition has a significant hold on the computer industry. He still motivates his people to keep coming up with ideals to stay competitive with Microsoft and not let them run a monopoly on software and patents on computers. His power base is that he senses opportunities and pursues dreams to keep his company competitive.C. A leader of the opposite sex that I think is ilk Steve Jobs is Martha Stewart. She had a vision to take home decorating and cooking to another level by connecting with millions of homemakers through TV shows and the selling of her products through K-mart. Martha was just pursuing her dreams to adjoin in the corporate world with men. She senses opportunity when she sees it. She had the intuition to make her company a profitable one when her critics told her it would never work.D. I do feel that there is a general pattern of male/female leadership styles because leaders must be able to apply influence, develop people, set examples, inspire people, mana...

Pablo Picassos Bequest of Gertrude Essay -- Essays Papers

Pablo Picassos Bequest of GertrudePablo Picasso was a truly famous artist in his time. I have always found his pee very interesting and unique. He has a style all his own and, I believe that this was what made him so famous and at the same time controversial. The image I have chosen is called Gertrude. Pablo Picasso was born in Spain to Jose Ruiz and Maria Picasso. He later adopted his mothers more distinguished maiden relieve oneself Picasso. Picasso was a child prodigy who was recognized as such by his art-teacher father who ably led him along. Picasso was taught for a few years and after he attended the Academy of fine art in Curna Spain where his father taught. Picassos early drawings such as, Study of A Torso, After A Plaster position (1894-1895 Musee Picasso, Paris, France) demonstrates the high level of technical proficiency he had accomplished by the age of 14 years old. (Encarta 2000) Picassos artwork is classified as new(a) art witch started in the early 188 0s to the mid 1970s. In 1885 his family moved to Barcelona, Spain after his father obtained a teaching post at that urban centers academy of fine Arts. Picasso was admitted to advanced classes in the academy after he completed in a single day the entrance trial that applicants were traditionally given a month to complete. In 1897 Picasso left Barcelona to further his study at the San Fernando academy in Madrid witch was located in the Spanish capital. His academic studies did not last long in Madrid. He was unhappy with the training he was receiving and he left and returned back to his home in Barcelona Spain. Picasso visited Paris some time around the early 1900s. After that visit he decided that he would move back and fourth between Spain and Paris. He did this until 1904 when he finally settled down in the French capital. At this time Picasso started to explore and experiment with unalike art styles that were modern. This portion of his aliveness is called the ghas tly period. This was because of the blue tones Picassos paintings had. During the year of 1905 to 1906 a radical change took place in Picassos style of painting once again. His choice of colors and irritation were evident in this period of his life. He used subtle pinks and grays that were often highlighted by brighter tones. This was tone as his rose period. (Rodenbeck, Comptons, Joseph) Along w... ...of them include the Tragedy 1903, young lady Reading at the Table 1834, Crucifixion 1934, Dorra Maar 1937 and so many others. Picasso had a very unique sense of style. His willingness and open exploration to try new and different things made him a great artist in his time. He had many talents, he not only painted but, he was a sculptor, he did drawings, he worked with ceramics and he was also a poet which no one really new about. This is only a small glimpse at this artist diverse life and career as an artist. Picasso has contributed a lot to modern art. He ha s done so much and we have the privilege of being able to see his work displayed in museums. BibliographyComptons Encyclopedia 2000Eakin, Hugh. (Nov. 2000) Picassos Party Line. Art News V. 99 no. 10 p. 186-90 Encarta Encyclopedia 2000Hall, James. (Winter 2000), Picasso As A Sculptor. Modern Painters v. 13 no4 p. 48-50Joseph, Daniel. (Jan 2001), Picasso figures and portraits Kunstforum Wien. Art News v. 100 no1 p. 160. Rodenbeck, Judith, Fall 1993 Insistent Presence In Picassos Portrait of Gertrude Stein Columbia University http//www.showgate.com/tots/Picasso/piclink.html

Plagiarism :: Ethics Writing

Day by day, people become having more greed. We notice that they try to rat or steal anything to achieve their goals. Nowadays, big companies are specialized provided to imitate products, without permissions by the manufacturing companies, such as car spare parts, clothes and shoes. in addition so many writers commit plagiarism because they merely think about their own good, while they do not think about the consequences. The way of nonrecreational the price of this kind of crime depends on the reaction of the original writers or the organizations investigating their laws to protect copyright.First, plagiarizing students must be expelled. Many students are not wellhead aware of the strict law preventing them to use even some statements from different resources without citation or quotation. According to the website Hamptonroads.com, the student Allison Routman, studying in the U.Va. Shipboard program, was charge of plagiarism when she borrowed some phrases from Wikipedia.com to support her outline assignment of the movie Europa Europa. Even though, she claimed that nobody had explained anything relating to plagiarism and said she did not made up as the other students who confessed that they did copying from some sources because she did think she was working well on her homework, the officials and her teacher did not admit her apology. They said this was her fault because she was supposed to read the documents including the honor-code of the university they gave her in the root of the summer semester. Finally she was victim of plagiarism nonetheless she did not intend that. (1) In addition, plagiarizing writers might be sued by courts. Some writers may not only do copying the whole structure, but also lead to bad reputation by falsifying the real purpose of the original writing from overserious to nonsense. According to the Telegraph.co.uk, the former English teacher Dan Brown, 39 years old, plagiarized the architecture of two books, The Holy Blood an d The Holy Grail of the writers Baigent, Leigh and Lincoln, converting their serious ideas, which talk over the hypothesis of Jesus marriage with Magdalene and their distinct, to comedian story describing a professor at Harvard tried among conspiracy to stop Jesus to marry Magdalene. They did a prospicient research for six years to write these books and to sell two million copies, and finally after twenty years Dan Brown ripped them off and sold untold more copies. These authors except Lincoln insisted to claim to the court because they are convinced that there is no way to hush up.

Colombian Democracy Essay -- Politics Political Science

Colombian Democracy There is a practical problem to capturing a cogent discernment of Colombia in a single snapshot. There are two realities of Colombia scholars use to frame analysis of the birthplace of Gabriel Garcia Marquezs magical realism armed date and political democracy. These phenomena are a defining feature of modern Colombia. They have coexisted since 1958 when the National Front political pact ended intra-elite conflict in La Violencia but failed to guarantee a stable social order. In a sense, Colombian society was never successfully pacified in the way its neighboring nations were. The enquire of whether and how these two realities will be linked in the future is what stimulates my interest in this Andean nation. To submit an intelligible diagnosis and prospective commentary just about Colombian democracy, it is worthwhile to review how scholarship treats the trajectory of this unique arrangement. Divorced research approaches to studying Colombia For a number of re asons, under the current administration of chairman Alvaro Uribe the tradition of utilizing an integrative approach to understanding the tortuous epic of Colombian democracy and violence is diminishing in credibility. In general, divorcing the realities of the Western hemispheres second oldest democracy (defined as the electoral party politics practiced in Bogot and other urban centers) and the significant violent resistance and repression which characterize big rural areas from one another by politicians is a means to establishing a binary of terrorism and democracy. The corollary is often to promulgate attractive panacea-like policy prescriptions. In the academy, scholars to a fault can fall victim to this oversimplification an... ...d de Chile, Instituto de Ciencia Politica, Vol. 42, Fall 2004, 1-25. Pizarro, Eduardo, Una democracia asediadaa, Bogot Grupo Editorial Norma, 2004.Posada-Carb, Eduardo, ed., The Politcs of Reforming the State, London Institute for Latin America Studies, University of London, 1998.Richani, Nazih, Systems of Violence The Political Economy of War and relaxation in Colombia, Albany State University of New York Press, 2002.Vargas, Ricardo, State, Esprit Mafioso, and Armed Conflict in Colombia, in Burt, Jo-Marie and Mauricci, Philip, eds., Politics in the Andes Identity, Conflict, Reform, Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh Press, 2004.Whitehead, Laurence, Reforms Colombia and Mexico, in Garreton, Manuel A and Newman, Edward, eds., Democracy in Latin America Reconstructing Political Society, New York United Nations University Press, 2002.

Colombian Democracy Essay -- Politics Political Science

Colombian Democracy There is a practical problem to capturing a corpulent understanding of Colombia in a single snapshot. There are two realities of Colombia scholars use to frame analysis of the birthplace of Gabriel Garcia Marquezs magical realism build up conflict and political democracy. These phenomena are a defining feature of modern Colombia. They have coexisted since 1958 when the National Front political pact ended intra-elite conflict in La Violencia but failed to guarantee a stable social order. In a sense, Colombian society was never successfully pacified in the way its close nations were. The question of whether and how these two realities will be linked in the future is what stimulates my interest in this Andean nation. To submit an intelligible diagnosis and prospective definition about Colombian democracy, it is worthwhile to review how scholarship treats the trajectory of this unique arrangement. Divorced research approaches to studying Colombia For a number of reasons, under the current disposition of President Alvaro Uribe the tradition of utilizing an integrative approach to understanding the tortuous epic of Colombian democracy and violence is diminishing in credibility. In general, divorcing the realities of the Western hemispheres second oldest democracy (defined as the electoral party politics practiced in Bogot and other urban centers) and the significant violent resistance and repression which modify vast rural areas from one another by politicians is a means to establishing a binary of terrorism and democracy. The corollary is often to promulgate attractive panacea-like policy prescriptions. In the academy, scholars too can fall victim to this oversimplification an... ...d de Chile, Instituto de Ciencia Politica, Vol. 42, Fall 2004, 1-25. Pizarro, Eduardo, Una democracia asediadaa, Bogot Grupo Editorial Norma, 2004.Posada-Carb, Eduardo, ed., The Politcs of Reforming the State, London Institute for Latin America Studies, Uni versity of London, 1998.Richani, Nazih, Systems of Violence The Political Economy of fight and Peace in Colombia, Albany State University of New York Press, 2002.Vargas, Ricardo, State, Esprit Mafioso, and Armed Conflict in Colombia, in Burt, Jo-Marie and Mauricci, Philip, eds., Politics in the Andes Identity, Conflict, Reform, Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh Press, 2004.Whitehead, Laurence, Reforms Colombia and Mexico, in Garreton, Manuel A and Newman, Edward, eds., Democracy in Latin America Reconstructing Political Society, New York United Nations University Press, 2002.

Black Boy Isolation Essay

In Richard Wrights book, Black Boy, the main character who in any case narrates the story is Richard himself since the book is written from his point of view we find out a lot about how Richard feels and get detailed accounts of how he reacts to the things that happen to him. notwithstanding though Richard tries hard to relate to solely groups of people around him, he cannot because he is so contrasting, so much more independent and firm willed than the tidy sum around him, these and another(prenominal) forms of isolation help shape Richard Wrights character throughout the novel.In Richards neighborhood when he lives with his grandma, the thing that separates him most from everyone else is religion. Richard mulish he is an atheist at a very young age, which also demonstrates his ability to think independently, even under pressure. He is persistent and stands by his view, because he cannot relate to the one imposed on him. He says, Perhaps if I had remained basically unaffected . (pg 112) Richard believes that religion cannot give him anything more than he already has, so he rejects it as pointless even though everyone around him is trying to persuade him to accept God or else lose his soul and countless other threats. But, Richard is strong and doesnt pay attention to any of these threats, which in a way separates him from his entire neighborhood. This and going to a religious school where all his peers have run dry personalities, contributes to his isolation as a child.And, since he does not believe that God c bes about him, this may increase his loneliness even more. So Richard starts to look to other things, such as writing, as a way to create a world for himself in which he does not feel isolated. Another group that he feels very far from is his immediate family. Ever since Richard was little, he has been beaten, threatened, scared and hungry and he mostly associates these feelings with members of his family. Because of the lack of love around him, R ichard cannot believe in unbowed love, which is a scar for life.For example when he meets Bess he says, I stared at her indeed I was sorry that I had said it, (pg 218. ) When Bess tries to be nice to Richard he is shocked and cannot understand how some people can love so purely and simply. He also comes to realize that he has a very diametric understanding of the word love than Bess because he has never been loved by anyone nor had any real family life. So, his isolation from his family early in life becomes a block later when he is unable to accept true love, which isolates him even more from people in his dult life. The last and most important group Richard cannot relate to at all is the white community.He is so different from the other blacks willing to question racism, independent, not wanting to be treated like everyone else and with a deep, unique(p) understanding that racism is wrong. He also voices his concerns more than the other blacks, so he has to bear a lot of viol ence and putdowns throughout his life. He has a conversation about this with Griggs, an old schoolmate Do you want to get killed? founding fathert anybody act a damn bit like it. (pg 183) and then contemplates this idea It was simply my way with everybody. (pg 185) This is the most important isolation in the book because even though it applies to all blacks it applies to Richard even more because he is different from the whites as well as the blacks. This makes him not part of either community he cannot understand the way black people act like whites are superior and he cannot understand the way white people act like blacks are inferior. Richard is again isolated from everyone around him.In conclusion, because of the ignorance and intolerance of all the people around him, black and white, Richard can never relate to anyone, which makes him lead a very lonely and detached life. This in turn motivates him to find a better life, whether it would be in the North or in novels/writing . Because of this isolation and narrow-mindedness of people around him, Richard aspires to be someone and to prove to the people who dont believe in him and his values that he will continue to be an individual no matter what.

Death Investigations and the Role of the Forensic Nurse

The International Association of Forensic Nurses website states, Every state/ county has different needs and resources, and every state/county whitethorn run destruction investigations with a different approach. What matters is that every effort be made to ensure a thorough, accurate, and timely investigation. A faulty cause of death determination arouse importantly impact surviving family members, agencies responsible for planning public health policy, civil or criminal action, and even public safety. (Schindell, 2006) The possibility of forensic investigations may put down in first aid situations, or in the emergency department. The protects first affair is to provide immediate care to the patient, but the nurse must too be prepared to preserve evidence for possible criminal investigations. (Dean Mulligan, 2009) This becomes andatory in the situation where the patient dies. It is very important that evidence and intormation surrounding the death is carry on The clay should not be cleaned prior to transport to the morgue, and any tubes, IVs or other medical equipment should be left in place.The nurse on duty can be instrumental in making sure that everything remains as it was in order to make it easier for the medical examiner. The nurse must also be sure to document all procedures performed, including attempts to establish an V, as well as noting all injury sites. (Erricksen, 2008, p. 40) Other investigations begin when a suspicious death is reported to the ppropriate agency. The death investigator will go to the scene in order to collect evidence, photograph the area, and gather information regarding the environment and positioning of the body.The investigator will also question witnesses, family members, and law enforcement officials to gather more information regarding the victim, including past medical history, condition prior to death, circumstances leading up to the death, if known, and if the body has been moved. This would be followed by p recise investigation of the body, any clothing, and clues to medical conditions such s medic alert bracelets or presence of insulin pumps, etc. (McDonough, 2013) The forensic nurse can perform or assist with all of these duties, and must be careful and meticulous in writing reports of their findings. The completion of good contemporaneous records may be vital to any statements of evidence that a nurse may be required to produce at a later date, to either the constabulary or coroner. (Dean & Mulligan, 2009, p. 39) In many cases, if the primary investigator does not have medical training, the forensic nurses experience and knowledge can be invaluable. Schindell, 2006) Forensic nurses can also apply information and practices from other areas to death investigations.Researchers in Alaska have determined that sex- related homicides can be difficult to properly identify, and may be under-reported for that reason. Calling upon the expertise of a Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner (SANE), the researchers were able to apply standard techniques from sexual enthral cases with living victims to investigations of homicides. These techniques, especially scrutiny with a colposcope to identify anogenital injuries, were able to identify exual assault related injuries, and to properly classify some homicides as organism sex- related (Henry, 2009).Inclusion of forensic nurses in just sex-related homicides would be beneficial to law enforcement officials. Forensic nurses have taken a leadership role in improving healthcares response to living victims of sexual assault and forensic pathologists and law enforcement would benefit from including a forensic nurse, specialized in sexual assault examinations, in the multidisciplinary response to deceased victims. (Henry, 2009, p. 64) A qualified and ingenious forensic urse can even act as the coroner if there is no medical examiner available. In counties where non-medical Deputy Medical Examiners are being asked to conduct the majority of a death investigation, medical expertise should be readily accessible to them. A forensically trained nurse can be an nonesuch medical representative in these situations. (Schindell, 2006) The primary goal of a death investigation is to determine the cause and manner of death. This can sometimes require detailed and painstaking investigation, not only of the immediate cause of death, but of possible comorbidities that may have contributed to the death.

High School and School Football Team Essay

Why any(prenominal)one wants to drop outof high shallow. Either or their family dont have money so they have to work. There atomic number 18 many different reasons why students drop out of high school. As long as I know and from my experience those three are roughly import reasons why students drop out of high school. Dropping out of high school, sounds cool isnt it? No but I had few friends who were in my of college? As from my experience with few of my friends who drop out of high school are those who has skills in sport or they think they dont pick out to study in order to get to their goals.Most plausibly they are inspired from a star that has not even completed high school and he or she is big star now in a sport or even music. I am not saying that every student drop out of high school because of this reason. Few students drop out because they have bad grades from a star who is not even a high school graduate and today he is a star. Second one child doesnt have any care i n teaching method but that child is forced to attend high school.And last but not least some students who want to study but in some consequences they dont have any other choice then drop out high school football aggroup and two of my friends popular opinion dropping out of high school is cool and fun they thought they are best football player so they will find something to do after dropping out of high school. Now days they dont have job neither of them is in any football team either. Few days ago one of them tried to commit suicide.Thats the result of or they arePage 2treated bad shipway by a teacher or an administrator. Some student who dont study or they dont have any interest in education but they are forced bytheir parents to go to high school they are the second one who will most likely drop out of high school. Therefore they will end up with out job, no money or may be no home base to live in.

Reardon v. U.S. Essay

Lien on real plaza created by CERCLA when Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) determines that lieu owners whitethorn be liable for cleanup costs sum ups to deprivation of a significant stead hobby at heart meaning of the collect sue clause. umbrella Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980, 107(l ), as revise, 42 U.S.C.A. 9607(l ) U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 5.Absence of nonice and hearing whitethorn be justified by exigent circumstances. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 5.92k251.5 k. Procedural cod Process in General. Most Cited CasesConstitution on the wholeows the mental process due to be tailored to fit realities of the situation. U.S.C.A. Const.Amend. 5. *1510 Lynn W ripe, with whom Robin F. Price and Edwards and Angell, recent York City, were on supplemental brief, for plaintiffs, appellants. George W. van Cleve, Deputy Asst. Atty. Gen., with whom Barry Hartman, Asst. Atty. Gen., Washington, D.C., Wayne A. Budd, U.S. Atty., George B. Henderson, II, As st. U.S. Atty., Boston, Mass., Stephen L. Samuels, Steve C. Gold, Jacques B. Gelin, Attys., Dept. of Justice, Charles Openschowski, Office of Gen. Counsel, E.P.A. and Luis Rodriguez, Asst. Regional Counsel, E.P.A., Washington, D.C., were on supplemental brief, for defendants, appellees.OPINION EN BANCTORRUELLA, Circuit Judge.after removing hazardous substances from property belonging to the Reardons, EPA filed a nonice of short temper on the property for the amount spent. light upon 42 U.S.C. 9607(l ). The Reardons sued to guide the obtain of spleen removed, arguing that they were non liable for the cleanup costs, that the irascibility wasoverextensive in that it cover parcels not involved in the clean-up, and that the filing of the lien notice without a hearing deprived them of property without due process. The district courtyard, in Reardon v. United States, 731 F.Supp. 558 (D.Mass.1990), contumacious that it did not deem jurisdiction to hear the Reardons two statutory claims. It ruled that although jurisdiction existed to hear the constitutive(a) claim, the filing of a lien did not amount to a taking of a significant property interest defend by the due process clause.It therefore denied the Reardons motion for a preliminary injunction, and disregard their complaint. The Reardons appealed and a panel of this court ruled in their favor on statutory grounds. Reardon v. United States, 922 F.2d 28 (1st Cir.1990) (withdrawn). We now consider the appeal en banc. After closely considering applicable law, including most notably the recent case of Connecticut v. Doehr, 501 U.S. 1, 111 S.Ct. 2105, 115 L.Ed.2d 1 (1991), we conclude that the district court correctly decided that it did not have jurisdiction to consider the Reardons statutory claims, however we find that the CERCLA lien provides do violate the fifth amendment due process clause.I. BACKGROUNDA. Facts. In 1979, Paul and John Reardon purchased a 16-acre parcel in Norwood, mammy, adjacent t o an electric equipment manufacturing plant site *1511 known as the collapse Gear site, and named it Kerry ordinate. In 1983, the Massachusetts De take leavement of Environmental Quality Engineering, responding to a report of a nearby resident, tested soil samples from both properties and discovered extremely high levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on the Grant Gear site and on Kerry Place where it bordered Grant Gear. EPA then investigated the site. Finding the same high levels of PCBs, it authorized an immediate clean-up of the contaminated atomic number 18as. Between June 25 and August 1, 1983, EPA removed 518 tons of contaminated soil from the two properties. It then notified the Reardons that it had removed all soil with concentrations of PCBs known to be above the safe limit, but informed them that additional areas of contamination capacity exist, in which case EPA might chthoniantake additional clean-up work. In 1984, the Reardons subdivided Kerry Place into a number of parcels they sold fin of those parcels and retained ownership of the others.In October 1985, EPA notified the Reardons that, as current owners of Kerry Place, they might be liable downstairs 106and 107 of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA), 42 U.S.C. 9606 & 9607, along with ten other present and prior owners of the properties, for the clean-up costs. In August 1987, EPA again investigated the properties to assess the feasibility of a long-term remedy for either remaining contamination. New testing showed that soil in some(prenominal) areas on Kerry Place was still contaminated with PCBs. In April 1988, EPA informed the Reardons of these results. The Reardons told EPA that they mean to clean up their property themselves. EPA sure the Reardons to coordinate whatsoever offsite disposal plans with EPA and to obtain EPAs approval of a treatment or disposal facility.In January 1989, the Reardons informed EPA that they had completed their own clean-up of Kerry Place, without having essay coordination with or sought the approval of EPA. On March 23, 1989, EPA filed a notice of lien with the Norfolk County Registry of Deeds pursuant to 107(l ) of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. 9607(l ), on all of the Kerry Place parcels still owned by the Reardons. The lien was for an unspecified amount, as it secured payment of all costs and damages covered by 42 U.S.C. 9607(l ) for which the Reardons were liable low 107(a) of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. 9607(a). Five days later, EPA notified the Reardons that it had filed the notice of lien. On July 12, 1989, EPA informed the Reardons that they could settle EPAs claims against them for $336,709, but noted that this amount did not limit the Reardons potential liability. On September 29, 1989, EPA selected a long-term remedy for the Kerry Place and Grant Gear sites estimated to cost $16,100,000. B. Procedural History.The Reardons filed a complaint and a motion for preliminary injuncti on in the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. They argued that they were entitled to have the notice of lien removed for terzetto reasons. First, the Reardons maintained that they qualified as costless(prenominal) landholders under 107(b) of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. 9607(b), and therefore were not liable for any clean-up costs. Second, 42 U.S.C. 9607(l ) provides for a lien on only that property subject to or impact by a remotion or bettering action, 42 U.S.C. 9607(l )(1)(B) the Reardons claim that since some of their Kerry Place parcels were not subject to or stirred by the clean-up, EPA erred in filing a notice of lien covering all of those parcels.Third, they asserted that EPAs imposition of the lien without a hearing violated the due process clause ofthe fifth amendment to the United States Constitution. The district court held that 113(h) of CERCLA, 42 U.S.C. 9613(h), divested it of jurisdiction to hear the Reardons v denominated landowner and overbroad lien claims. It found that the same section to a fault purported to divest it of jurisdiction to hear the due process claim, but held that recounting was without power to place much(prenominal) a limitation on its jurisdiction. Turning to the merits of the due process claim, the *1512 district court held that the lien imposed by 107(l ) did not amount to a taking of a significant property interest protected by the due process clause.The court therefore denied the motion for a preliminary injunction and dismissed the complaint. The Reardons appealed, and a panel of this court found in their favor. The panel opinion construed 9613(h) so as to permit judicial follow of the statutory challenges to the lien, and did not reach the due process issue. In reaction to EPAs petition for hear, however, a majority of the court voted to grant a rehearing en banc. Although the court en banc finds for the plaintiffs, as did the panel, we do so on constitutional alternatively than statutory grounds.II. JURISDICTION1 We turn first to the perplexity of jurisdiction. The district court, as we have noted, held that 42 U.S.C. 9613(h) purported to divest it of jurisdiction over all three of the Reardons claims. We agree that 9613(h) standards review of the innocent landowner and overbroad lien claims, prior to the commencement of an enforcement or rectifyy action, but we conclude that this section does not bar review of the due process claim. Section 9613(h), entitled Timing of review, explicitly limits the jurisdiction of the national courts to hear certain cases arising under CERCLA. The section states, in part No federal court shall have jurisdiction under Federal law to review any challenges to removal or curative action selected under section 9604 of this title, or to review any order issued under section 9606(a) of this title, in any action except one of the following listing 5 enumerated types of actions 42 U.S.C. 9613(h).The five exceptions to the jurisdictional bar are all actions filed by the government or by a private citizen seeking to enforce or recover costs for the enforcement of CERCLA for this reason, the district court set forth 9613(h) as barring judicial review of EPA actions prior to the time that the EPA or a thirdparty undertakes a legal action to enforce an order or to seek recovery of costs for the cleanup of a hazardous waste site. Reardon v. United States, 731 F.Supp. at 564 n. 8. As a convenient shorthand, we will say that 9613(h) bars pre-enforcement review of certain claims. The district court vagabondd the question of jurisdiction as whether the filing of a lien constituted a removal or curative action selected under section 9604 of this title. As the district court noted, the terms removal and remedial action are defined terms under the CERCLA principle. 42 U.S.C. 9601(23), (24). Another CERCLA supply says that these terms include enforcement activities related thereto. 42 U.S.C. 9601(25) (emp hasis added).The court found that placing a lien on property from which hazardous substances had been removed was a type of enforcement activity. It therefore concluded that any challenge the Reardons could make, whether statutory or constitutional, was a challenge to a removal or remedial action over which Congress intended it not to have jurisdiction unless and until EPA brought an enforcement action. Reardon v. United States, 731 F.Supp. at 569. A. Jurisdiction over the innocent landowner and overbroad lien claims. We agree with the district court that filing a lien notice is a type of enforcement activity related to a removal or remedial action. And we agree that 9613(h) bars the federal courts from hearing pre-enforcement challenges to the merits of any particular lienchallenges, for example, to the liability which a lien secures, or to the conformity of that lien to the CERCLA lien provisions. Several considerations lead to these conclusions. First, we think that the quarre l of the statute, read for its ordinary meaning, supports such an interpretation.Central to the accurate CERCLA proposal is a provision that makes certain parties liable for the cost of removal and remedial actions. See 42 U.S.C. 9607(a). When the government files a lien on property to secure payment of that liability, it can reasonably be described as seeking to enforce the liability *1513 provision. Thus, the activity of filing liens is, in ordinary language, an enforcement activity. Second, we believe that concedeing challenges to the merits of particular liens would defeat some of the purposes of barring pre-enforcement review under 9613(h).Congress was no doubt concerned, first and foremost, that clean-up of substances that endanger public health would be delayed if EPA were forced to litigate each detail of its removaland remedial plans before implementing them. Thus, the Senate Judiciary commission Report stated that 9613(h) barred pre-enforcement review because such r eview would be a significant obstacle to the effectuation of response actions and the use of administrative orders. Pre-enforcement review would lead to considerable delay in providing cleanups, would increase response costs, and would discourage settlement and voluntary cleanups. S.Rep. No. 11, 99th Cong., 1st Sess. 58 (1985).As long as the remedy upon review of a lien was limited to the invalidation or modification of the lien, of course, such review would not nowadays delay clean-up of hazardous substances. However, we do not believe that avoiding delay was the only purpose of postponing review. As the Fifth Circuit stated in a resembling case Although review in the case at hand would not delay actual cleanup of hazardous wastes, it would force the EPAagainst the wishes of Congressto engage in piecemeal litigation and use its resources to protect its sounds to recover from any potentially responsible party filing such an action. . . . . .Moreover, the crazy-quilt litigation t hat could result from allowing potentially responsible parties to file declaratory sound judgement actions prior to the initiation of government cost recovery actions could force the EPA to confront inconsistent results. Voluntary Purchasing Groups, Inc. v. Reilly, 889 F.2d 1380, 1390 (5th Cir.1989). The same practical considerations weigh against allowing pre-enforcement review in this case. And we add to these reasons one much information needed to decide legal challenges to liens may not be available at the time such challenges are made. To decide, for example, the Reardons claim that they are innocent landowners, a court must determine whether the contamination pre-dated their ownership whether they had any knowledge or reason to know of the contamination whether they had exercised due care with respect to the hazardous substances and whether they took precautions to prevent releases by foreseeable acts of third parties. See 42 U.S.C. 9607(a), (b)(3), EPA Supplemental Brief, at 16-17 (stressing complexity of resolving innocent landowner claim).Notices of liens are likely to be filed early in the history of a response actionshortly after EPA has begun to spend money on waste removal and thelandowner has been notified of potential responsibility. See 42 U.S.C. 9607(l ) (providing for creation and filing of liens). At that point, EPA is likely not yet to know the full finis of the contamination, let alone when that contamination occurred, or whether it is likely that the owner exercised due care or took reasonable precautions. One purpose of 9613(h), we believe, is to delay review until generous is known to decide these issues. Third, legislative history supports the view that 9613(h) is intended to bar challenges to liability, such as the Reardons seek to make by attacking the lien filing, as well as challenges to the remedy EPA has chosen. During floor debate on this section, Senator Thurmond, Chairman of the Judiciary Committee, which drafted the s ection, explained Citizens, including potentially responsible parties, cannot seek review of the response action or their potential liability for a response action other than in a suit for contributionunless the suit falls within one of the categories in this section. 132 Cong.Rec. S14929 (daily ed. Oct. 3, 1986) (emphasis added). Senator Stafford, *1514 Chairman of the Conference Committee, stated When the essence of a lawsuit involves the contesting of the liability of the plaintiff for cleanup costs, the courts are to apply the provisions of section 113(h), delaying such challenges until the Government has filed a suit. 132 Cong.Rec. S14898 (daily ed. Oct. 3, 1986) (emphasis added).It is certainly possible that Congress inadvertently rather than purposefully included lien challenges in the judicial review bar. Congress amended the scope of removal and remedial actions to include enforcement activities related thereto primarily to ensure that EPA could recover costs for enforcemen t actions taken against responsible parties. H.R.Rep. No. 253(I), 99th Cong., 2d Sess. 66-67, reprinted in 1986 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 2835, 2848-49 see H.R.Conf.Rep. No. 962, 99th Cong., 2d Sess. 185, reprinted in 1986 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 3276, 3278 (This amendment clarifies and confirms that enforcement activity costs are recoverable from responsible parties.). Perhaps Congress did not realize that other provisions referring to removal and remedial actionssuch as the judicial review barwould in any case be affected. But even if this were so, we do not see how our conclusion is altered.First, as outlined above, translation the statute to bar review of pre- enforcement challenges to liens is consistent with the language and the purpose of the judicial bar. Second, and more importantly,Congress amended a definitional section, thus ever-changing the meaning of removal and remedial wherever they expect in CERCLA. We cannot give the definition inconsistent readings withi n the statute. As the above-quoted legislative history makes clear, the 1986 amendment was certainly intended to allow the government to collect attorneys fees in cost recovery actions. See United States v. Ottati & Goss, 694 F.Supp. 977, 997 (D.N.H.1988) (allowing attorneys fees to United States under 9607(a)(4)(A)), affd in part, vacated in part, 900 F.2d 429 (1st Cir.1990).If liens to ensure the governments complete recovery of its remedial costs are not enforcement activities related to the removal or remedial actionthe view suggested by the dissentthen we do not see how a suit to recover the governments clean up costs is an enforcement activity either. And if enforcement activities in 9601(25) is interpreted to exclude the expenses of cost recovery actions, this would have the effect of denying the government significant amounts of attorneys fees which was certainly not the object of Congress. We therefore conclude, as did the district court, that 9613(h) precludes judicial review of the imposition of a lien until EPA commences an enforcement action. 2B. Jurisdiction over the due process claim. Unlike the district court, however, we do not believe that 9613(h) precludes federal court jurisdiction over the Reardons due process claim. First, such a challenge does not fit into the literal language of 9613(h). That section refers to challenges to removal or remedial action selected under section 9604 of this title. Under our reading, it divests federal courts of jurisdiction over challenges to EPAs administration of the statuteclaims that EPA did not select the proper removal or remedial action, in light of the standards and constraints established by the CERCLA statutes. The Reardons due process claim is not a challenge to the elbow room in which EPA is administering the statute it does not concern the merits of any particular removal or remedial action.Rather, it is a challenge to the CERCLA statute itselfto a statutory scheme under which the gover nment is authorized to file lien notices without any hearing on the validity of the lien. Second, we read 9613(h) in light of the lordly Courts oft-repeated pronouncement that where Congress intends to preclude judicial review of constitutionalclaims its intent to do so must be clear. Webster v. Doe, 486 U.S. 592, 603, 108 S.Ct. 2047, 2053-54, 100 L.Ed.2d 632 (1988) see Weinberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749, 95 S.Ct. 2457, 45 L.Ed.2d 522 (1975) *1515 Johnson v. Robison, 415 U.S. 361, 94 S.Ct. 1160, 39 L.Ed.2d 389 (1974). FN1We do not believe that the statute expresses a clear congressional intent to preclude the type of constitutional claim the Reardons are makinga challenge to several statutory provisions which form part of CERCLA. However, it is important to make clear that we are not holding that all constitutional challenges involving CERCLA fall outside the scope of 9613(h). A constitutional challenge to EPA administration of the statute may be subject to 9613(h)s strictures. S uch a claim may well be a challenge to removal or remedial action selected under section 9604 of this title, and may thus fall within 9613(h)s bar. We find only that a constitutional challenge to the CERCLA statute is not covered by 9613(h).FN1. Of course, 9613(h) is styled as a provision that merely delays review, rather than precludes itindeed, it is titled Timing of review. However, the only available review of the lien notice is in an enforcement action brought by EPA and the judgment in that enforcement action will render moot the Reardons due-process-based request for injunctive relief against the filing of the lien, since it will decide whether or not the Reardons are liable under CERCLA. Hence, the effect of 9613(h) is to preclude review altogether.Third, extending jurisdiction to the Reardons due process claim does not necessarily run counter to the purposes underlying 9613(h). For example, resolution of the due process issue does not require any information that is n ot likely to be available until clean-up of a site is finished. Because it is a purely legal issue, its resolution in a pre-enforcement proceeding does not have the potential to force EPA to confront inconsistent results (as would a finding, for example, that a particular spill was caused by an act of God). Of course, if we decide that filing a notice of a CERCLA lien without any pre- enforcement review does violate due process, EPAs collection efforts will no doubt be hampered. However, we do not gently assume that Congress intended to ease EPAs path even at the expense ofviolating the Constitution. Fourth, although the two courts that have considered this issue have reached a divergent conclusion, see Barmet Aluminum Corp. v. Reilly, 927 F.2d 289, 293 (6th Cir.1991) southwestern Macomb Disposal Authority v. U.S.E.P.A., 681 F.Supp. 1244, 1249-51 (E.D.Mich.1988), we are unpersuaded by the reasoning of those cases. Our disagreement commences with the phrasing of the issue to be de cided.Both courts frame the question as whether 9613(h) prohibits constitutional as well as statutory challenges until the time prescribed by the statute. South Macomb, 681 F.Supp. at 1249-50 see Barmet, 927 F.2d at 292. We think that this question fails to make the distinction we have noted above, see pp. 1514-1515, supra, between two types of constitutional challengeschallenges to EPAs administration of CERCLA, and challenges to CERCLA itself. Once we recognize this distinction, the reasoning of these two courts becomes less convincing. First, says the South Macomb court, Reading the language of 9613(h) for its usual meaning supports the notion that this subsection prohibits constitutional as well as statutory challenges until the time prescribed by the statute. The provision explicitly states that federal courts shall not have jurisdiction to review any challenge except for those enumerated. South Macomb, 681 F.Supp. at 1249-50.But, the statute does not bar any challenge, with out qualification rather, it delays federal court review of any challenges to removal or remedial action selected under section 9604 of this title. 42 U.S.C. 9613(h). Because a due process challenge to the CERCLA lien provisions is not, we believe, a challenge to removal or remedial action selected under section 9604 of this title, we do not find that the everyday meaning of 9613(h) divests the federal courts of jurisdiction to hear such a challenge. Both the Barmet and South Macomb courts contend that legislative historyHouse and Senate Reports, and House Judiciary Committee Hearings suggests that Congress intended 9613(h) to bar all pre-enforcement challenges, including all *1516 constitutional challenges.Upon examination, we find these materials unconvincing as well. The Senate Report states, in part As several courts have noted, the scheme and purposes of CERCLA would be disrupted by affording review of orders or response actions prior to commencement of a government enforcem ent or cost recovery action. See, e.g., unaccompanied Pine Steering Committee v. EPA, 600 F.Supp. 1487 (D.N.J.1985) . These casescorrectly interpret CERCLA with regard to the unavailability of pre-enforcement review. This amendment 9613(h) is to expressly recognize that pre-enforcement review would be a significant obstacle to the implementation of response actions and the use of administrative orders. Pre- enforcement review would lead to considerable delay in providing cleanups, would increase response costs, and would discourage settlements and voluntary cleanups. S.Rep. No. 11, 99th Cong., 1st Sess. 58 (1985).We see nothing in this watchword which would indicate an intent to divest federal courts of jurisdiction to consider a claim that the provisions of CERCLA itself authorize deprivations of property without due process of law. On the contrary, the reference to review of orders or response actions suggests that the writers of the Senate Report focused their concern on the problems that would arise if courts reviewed the merits of particular EPA actions. Both Barmet and South Macomb attach great weight to the Senate Reports citation with approval of unaccompanied Pine, a case decided before 9613(h) was enacted, which they say held that CERCLA did not allow pre- enforcement review even of constitutional challenges. We think there are good reasons to discount this citation.For one thing, the 13-page opinion in Lone Pine contains no discussion of the question whether constitutional challenges to the statute as well as challenges to administrative action are barred one can only infer that the Lone Pine court held this view from the facts that (1) the plaintiffs complaint had one constitutional count alongside sestet statutory counts, and (2) the court dismissed the entire complaint. In fact, Lone Pine cites Aminoil, Inc. v. EPA, 599 F.Supp. 69, 72 (C.D.Cal.1984), the leading case holding that CERCLA did not bar jurisdiction to review constitutional cha llenges to the statute and it does so, not to indicate any disagreement with that holding, but simply to agree with its holding that CERCLA does bar pre-enforcement review of administrative orders. See Lone Pine, 600 F.Supp. at 1497.For another thing, the Senate Report does not cite Lone Pine for the proposition that federal courts have no jurisdiction to hear constitutional challenges rather, it cites it solely as an example of a base of cases, sub silentio holding that review of orders or response actions would disrupt the purposes of CERCLA. We do not see why this should indicate agreement with Lone Pines purported holding regarding constitutional challenges,particularly since cases such as Aminoil would seem to fit just as easily into the group of cases described in the Report.We do not find the House Report any more convincing. The pertinent passage in that Report, according to Barmet and South Macomb, is a statement that there is no right of judicial review of the Administrat ors selection and implementation of response actions until after the response actions have been completed. H.R.Rep. No. 253(I), 99th Cong., 2d Sess. 81, reprinted in 1986 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News 2835, 2863. See Barmet, 927 F.2d at 293 (quoting this passage) South Macomb, 681 F.Supp. at 1250 (same).This statement says nothing about judicial review of the CERCLA statute itself. South Macomb too cites testimony of EPA and Justice Department officials during hearings on the bill that contained 9613(h). In response to a query from Representative Glickman as to whether EPA and the Justice Department might accept some form of accelerated pre-enforcement review, Mr. Habicht, the companion Attorney General for Land and Natural Resources, replied Mr. Chairman, briefly, this issue has been litigated under the 1980 statute *1517 quite extensively, and there have been a number of decisions over the last several months that predict the fundamental questions of the constitutionality of the procedures set forth in that law. Virtually across the board now the courts are finding that the scheme is constitutional as before long constituted. Superfund Reauthorization Judicial and Legal Issues, Hearings before the Subcomm. on Admin. Law and Governmental Relations, H. of Rep. Judiciary Comm., 99th Cong., 1st Sess. at 226 (July 17, 1985) see South Macomb, 681 F.Supp. at 1250 (quoting this passage).The South Macomb court comments Our reading of this exchange is that the EPA and the Department of Justice took the position that because the courts had already upheld the constitutionality of CERCLA, constitutional challenges could also await EPA enforcement actions. Id. We do not find this passage quite so clear. It would appear to be an expression of hope by EPA and the Department of Justice rather than a statement of congressional intent, particularly in light of the fact that Congress passed a provision, 9613(h), that by its language does not bar constitutional challenges to the CERCLA statute.Finally, the Supreme Court recently examined a statute with a judicial review provision not unlike the CERCLA section analyzed here. At issue in McNary v. Haitian Refugee Center, Inc., 498 U.S. 479, 111 S.Ct. 888, 112L.Ed.2d 1005 (1991), was a provision of the Immigration and Nationality Act barring judicial review of a denial of Special Agriculture Worker (SAW) status except in the context of a deportation order. The statute states There shall be no administrative or judicial review of a determination respecting an application for adjustment of status under this section except in pact with this subsection. 8 U.S.C. 1160(e) (as amended by the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986).The Court held that this bar did not preclude review of general collateral challenges to unconstitutional practices and policies used by the agency in processing applications. McNary, 111 S.Ct. at 896. Rather, it only barred review of individual denials of SAW status. Id. The sta tute in McNary resembles the CERCLA provision at issue here in two respects. First, as here, judicial review of an administrative event is withheld until the agency instigates a second, independent proceeding. More significantly, the immigration statute is phrased so as to bar review of the agencys determination of SAW status in an individual actionan event comparable to EPAs selection of a removal or remedial action, which is the focus of the CERCLA bar. Neither statute mentions the availability of review of a constitutional challenge to the statute itself (as here) or to the agencys execution of the statute (as in McNary ).Insofar as the Immigration and Nationality Act compares to CERCLA, we think that the holding in McNary supports our conclusion here. See also Johnson v. Robinson, 415 U.S. 361, 367, 94 S.Ct. 1160, 1165-66, 39 L.Ed.2d 389 (1974) (holding that similar jurisdictional bar precluded review only of administration of statute, not of challenge to statute itself) cf. Wei nberger v. Salfi, 422 U.S. 749, 762, 95 S.Ct. 2457, 2465, 45 L.Ed.2d 522 (1975) (holding that more expansive language barred all challenges related to statute). Thus, we conclude that we have jurisdiction to consider the Reardons due process claim that the CERCLA statutory scheme under which liens may be imposed on property without opportunity for a hearing violates the fifth amendment due process clause.III. THE DUE PROCESS CLAIM4 The Supreme Court has established a two-part analysis of due process challenges to statutes which, like this one, involve property rather than liberty interests. One must first gather up whether the statute authorizes the taking of a significant property interest protected by the fifthamendment. E.g., Fuentes v. Shevin, 407 U.S. 67, 86, 92 S.Ct. 1983, 1997, 32 L.Ed.2d 556 (1972). If there is no significant property interest involved, the inquiry is at an end. If there is, one proceeds to examine what process is due in the particular circumstances. *1518 E.g., id. Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S.Ct. 893, 903, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976). We shall address each issue in turn. A. The Deprivation. The district court, relying primarily on Spielman- Fond, Inc. v. Hansons, Inc., 379 F.Supp. 997 (D.Ariz.1973) (three judge panel), affd mem., 417 U.S. 901, 94 S.Ct. 2596, 41 L.Ed.2d 208 (1974), found that the filing of a federal lien under 42 U.S.C. 9607(l ) did not amount to a deprivation of a significant property interest thus, the court did not reach the second insult of the analysis.However, a Supreme Court case decided after the district court had issued its decision (indeed, after oral argument at the en banc rehearing of this appeal) has clarified the law in this area considerably, and has precluded continued reliance on the Courts summary affirmance in Spielman-Fond. In Connecticut v. Doehr, 501 U.S. 1, 111 S.Ct. 2105, 115 L.Ed.2d 1 (1991), a unanimous Court held that a Connecticut attachment statute violated the due process c lause. The Court held that the attachment lien on plaintiff Doehrs real property deprived him of a significant property interest within the meaning of the due process clause.The Court stated For a property owner like Doehr, attachment ordinarily clouds title impairs the ability to sell or otherwise alienate the property taints any credit grade reduces the chance of obtaining a home equity loan or additional mortgage and can even place an existing mortgage in technological default where there is an insecurity clause. Doehr, 501 U.S. at -, 111 S.Ct. at 2113. It concluded that even the temporary or partial impairments to property rights that attachments, liens, and similar encumbrances entail are enough to merit due process protection. Id. (emphasis added).And, in a footnote, it disposed of its summary affirmance in Spielman-Fond by noting that a summary disposition does not enjoy the full senior value of a case argued on the merits and disposed of by a written opinion. Id. at - n. 4, 111 S.Ct. at 2113 n. 4 (citing Edelman v. Jordan, 415 U.S. 651, 671, 94 S.Ct. 1347, 1359-60, 39 L.Ed.2d 662 (1974)). See also id. at -, 111 S.Ct. at 2113 (Rehnquist, C.J., concurring) (Spielman-Fond should not be read to mean that the imposition of a lien is not a deprivation of a significant interest inproperty).Whether the response costs were incurred consistently with the national contingency plan is an issue which may be highly factual, but it is usually a reckon of the amount, and not the existence, of liability. More likely to be highly factual is the determination whether certain of the owners parcels of land are subject to or affected by EPAs response action. Similarly, on the issue of the landowners liability, EPA admits in its brief that the concepts of due care, foreseeability, objective and subjective knowledge, some of which are erratic in CERCLA to the innocent landowner defense, are extremely fact-intensive. EPA Supplementary Brief at 16-17. Second, we must cons ider what procedural safeguards, if any, CERCLA provides against erroneous filing of a lien. a. The right to a judicial hearing. CERCLA provides no such safeguards.It provides for no pre-deprivation proceedings at allnot even the ex parte probable cause hearing judged insufficient in Doehr. See Doehr at -, 111 S.Ct. at 2108 (describing Connecticut attachment procedure). Nor does CERCLA provide for an immediate post-deprivation hearing. FN2 The first hearing the property owner is likely to get is at the enforcement proceeding, or cost recovery action, brought by EPA.This action may be brought several years after the notice of lien is filed it is limited only by a rather complicated statute oflimitations, see 42 U.S.C. 9613(g)(2), which gives EPA three years after a removal action is completed or six years after a remedial action is commenced to bring such a suit. The running of the statute of limitations is entirely within EPAs control. Since the government may take its own sweet ti me before suing, and since the removal or remedial action may itself take years to complete, the lien may be in place for a considerable time without an opportunity for a hearing.FN2. The Connecticut statute at issue in Doehr provided expeditious post-attachment review, see 501 U.S. at -, 111 S.Ct. at 2115, but the Court nonetheless found the statute constitutionally deficient. Even under Doehr, though, post-attachment process is not always inadequate. Doehr notes the factors leading to the Courtsapproval, in Mitchell v. W.T. Grant Co., 416 U.S. 600, 94 S.Ct. 1895 (1974), of a sequestration statute with no pre-deprivation review the plaintiff had a vendors lien to protect, the risk of break was minimal because the likelihood of recovery involved uncomplicated matters that lent themselves to documentary proof, and plaintiff was required to put up a bond. Doehr, 501 U.S. at -, 111 S.Ct. at 2114.Mere clutch of judicial enquiry is not a denial of due process if the opportunity given fo r ultimate judicial determination of liability is adequate. *1520 Phillips v. Commissioner, 283 U.S. 589, 596, 51 S.Ct. 608, 611, 75 L.Ed. 1289 (1931). But the CERCLA statute of limitations on liens throws the ultimate judicial determination so far into the future as to render it inadequate. Indeed, in this respect the CERCLA scheme resembles the replevin statutes in Fuentes v. Shevin, where the Court held that the debtor may not be left in limbo to await a hearing that might or might not eventually occur. Mitchell v. W.T. Grant Co., 416 U.S. at 618, 94 S.Ct. at 1905 (discussing Fuentes v. Shevin ).b. Posting of a Bond. The Court has recognized that requiring the filing party to post a bond may provide the property owner important protection against wrongful filing in Doehr, four members of the Court suggested that due process always requires a plaintiffs bond in the context of an attachment. See Doehr, 501 U.S. at-, 111 S.Ct. at 2116 (plurality). CERCLA does not require EPA to post a bond when filing the notice of federal lien. c. Action for damages. In Doehr, the State of Connecticut argued that the availability of a double damages remedy for suits that are commenced without probable cause was an important protection against misuse of the attachment provisions however, four members of the Court did not find the availability of such a suit to be an adequate procedural safeguard.Four members of the court explained in detail why an action for damages would never prove adequate The necessity for at least a prompt postattachment hearing is self-evident because the right to be compensated at the end of the case, if the plaintiff loses, for all provable injuries caused by the attachment is inadequate to redress the harm inflicted, harm that could have been avoided had an early hearing been held. An individual with an immediate need or opportunity to sell a property can neither do so, nor otherwise fulfill that need or recreate the opportunity. The same applies to a parent in need of a home equity loan for a childs education, an entrepreneur seeking to start a business on the strength of an otherwise strong credit rating, or simply a homeowner who might face the disruption of having a mortgage placed in technical default. Doehr, 501 U.S. at -, 111 S.Ct. at 2118 (plurality).

Boot Options for PC

The Advanced Boot Options menu appears when a user presses F8 as Windows is loading. False There is no option for networking access when using Safe Mode False A Windows 7 system repair disc understructure be created using the Backup and Restore utility. True As you work to take in a Windows problem, always choose the method that makes the most changes to the system as possible in order to rejuvenate the machine. False The Telnet protocol encrypts transmitted data, which therefore cannot be read by others on the network.False When using static IP addressing, software automatic entirelyy configures the network connection on each device. false Wireless networks are either public, unsecured hotspots or reclusive, secured hotspots. true When connecting to a private and secured wireless access point, you must provide the information that proves you have the right to use the network. true A problem with virtual networks is that data transmitting by them cannot be encrypted and therefore is not secure. false Which program is responsible for reading motherboard settings and running the POST?Startup BIOS What is the name of the program that reads the settings in the Boot kind Data (BCD) file and manages the initial startup of the OS? Windows Boot Manager Which program is used to start the part of the Win32 subsystem that displays graphics? Smss. exe Which option should be enabled in order to view what did and did not load during the bootup? Boot Logging It is important to try the ____early in the troubleshooting session before it is overwritten. Last Known Good conformity Which Windows RE tool is considered to be the least intrusive?Startup Repair Which Windows RE tool should be used if you suspect the hard drive is corrupt? Command Prompt Name the Windows RE command that can be used to manage hard drives, sections, and volumes. Diskpart Which diskpart command is used to remove any partition or volume information from the selected disk? Clean Which of the followi ng Windows RE commands can be used to scan for Windows installations not stored in the BCD? bootrec /scanOS Which key should be pressed during the boot in order to display the Advanced Boot Options?F8 Which of the following keys will cause the Windows Boot Manager to appear as desire as it is pressed during the boot process? Spacebar What should be the first thing to try if the hard drive is not spinning at startup? die power connections and switches Which command is used to check and repair the hard drive? chkdsk c/r Which of the following symptoms might indicate that the MBR record is damaged? shut-in partition table error The command ____ searches for and replaces corrupted system files. sfc /scannow WinLoad loads into memory the ___ but does not start it yet.Kernal Use the ____ with Networking option when you are resolving a problem with booting and need access to the network to solve the problem. Safe mode _____is a lean OS that can be used to solve Windows startup problems after other tools available on the Advanced Boot Options menu have failed to solve the problem. Windows RE When you load Windows in Safe Mode, all files used for the load are recorded in the ____file. Ntbtlog ____ mode gives you the opportunity to move system boot logs from a failing electronic computer to another computer for evaluation. Debugging What is the name of a 32-bit or 128-bit number that is used to identify a device?

PHI Summative Assessment

IntroductionHealth is defined as the stage of being physically, intellectually and societally sound. To elaborate, wellness is both the inner and outer state, the stage of being free of diseases, the state of the soul, being more optimistic and not giving up in any kind of difficulties.(Manni, 2009). Health promotion is an important and crucial factor that is required to develop a wellnessy society. It cigaret be defined as the process of making of people sure about their health, beneathstand the lay on the line factors associated with ominous health effects, as well as educating people and implementing a gigantic range of social and environ rational interventions to improve their health and encouraging them to live a healthy life (Naidoo and Wills, 2009). Promoting health by inter someoneal relationship is an exertion to take control of an undivideds health determinant which includes social behaviour, economic and environ psychological conditions. This involves a health p rofessional with the knowledge, attitude and the skills to capture clients through communication on how to improve their health and maintain a productive life. (Naidoo and Wills, 2009). Thus health professionals play a central role in stir individuals health status. For instance, health care professionals can make people aware about the risks associated with smoking and inebriant, risk of practising unsafe sex, risk associated with lavishly fat and calorie rich diet etc. In this report, the factors that may influence individuals health, concept, attitude and behaviour are highlighted. Furthermore, the role of social and health workers in improving individuals health and well being are reviewed. The health professional with self awareness and interpersonal skills can stiffly communicate with people to achieve therapeutic benefits. Also, they can educate and inform people to achieve a autocratic outcome of holistic health using the fundamental aspect of care. Overall, the goal o f therapeutic communication is to help clients talk about and resolve their feelings and problems related to health, illness, treatments, and nursing care (Craven & Hirnle, 2007). This main of this appointment is to analyse the interaction between a social worker and a pregnant service user (a mother named Kim) who was a drug and alcohol dependant, and as a result of her addiction, her deuce-ace babyren from the previous relationship were taken a right smart from her care. This is because, she was found feckless about her children and was not providing enough care and support to her children.Factors that touched Kims way of living and its affect on her life and healthThere are several factors that may influence an individual concept of health which include, psychological and lifestyle issues. This was evidenced in the DVD clip of Someone To Watch Over Me, where it was witnessed that the drug and alcohol addiction made her to neglect her fork up got children, and as a result, th ey were removed from her care by social services. In the DVD, it was also shown that she was expecting a fourth child with a new partner, Adam who had mental health issues. In this example, it was evidenced that Kims lifestyle choices, i.e. her way of living her life, made her the alcohol and drug addict. This had a significant daze on her family life. More everywhere, the influence of the society could check been another major factor that would keep pushed her to adopt the lifestyle she was living. The societal factors that could have contributed to Kims way of living life could be the kind of people living in her society, their educational and economic background The consequences of all these influencing factors directly made an impact on her ability to look later her children, as well as her is a her ability to cope with the demands of her children. The effects of Kims way of living can also have serious consequences on Kims health. It is now well established that alcohol inc reases the risk of coronary heart disease and stroke by the biochemical process known as lipid peroxidation. This increases the level of free radicals in the circulation leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plague. Similarly smoking clogs the arterial flow of blood and leads to ischemia (Laslett, et.al. 2012). Thus, her tendency to fume alarmingly increases her risk of acquiring coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer and respiratory disease. Substance abuse-involving drugs, and alcohol, or both- are associated with a range of destructive social conditions, monetary problems, lost productivity, failure in school, domestic violence, child abuse, and crime (Health people.gov). To conclude, the impact of Kims way of living life can be really swelled and can bring serious consequences to her personal and social life. According to research, the risk factors associated with substance misuse can result in mental health and behavioral issues which were also evidenced in Kims lifes tyle (Vivancos, et.al. 2013). Other research have indicated the link between coronary heart disease and various psychological factors including hear, depression, lack of social support and anger (Stansfied and Marmot, 2001 Naidoo and Wills, 2009). Although these links are yet to be established fully, these factors may encourage people to involve in drug, alcohol and smoking additions which are found to have direct links with heart attack, stroke, cancer, respiratory diseases. The impact of these factors on Kims unborn mollycoddle also cannot be neglected. As stated earlier, Kims current partner had a history of mental health illness, which although is manageable, can be hereditary and transfer to her unborn baby through her partner. Nurnberger, et.al (2003) suggested a genetic relationship between depression and alcohol dependence in some families. In the study they found that both drunkenness and depression can be genetically transmitted having a direct effect on the offspring. This can affect the babys personal and mental development, which can affect the babys development throughout the life. More so, prenatal and perinatal risk factors have been associated generally with behaviour problems in children. maternal substance use, specifically smoking during pregnancy and persistence smoking during and by and by pregnancy, has been associated with conduct disorder in girls and boys (Romans & Seeman, 2006).Although Kims lifestyle choices may have been influenced by her social and community network, however, Kim lacked social and community support. She wasan unemployed full time mother who was unable to cope with the demands of her three children on her own. She did not seem to have a social support network from her friends or family to assist her with her three children before they were removed by social services. She had no educational backgrounds and not aware of social support network available which could have educated and supported her in dealing with issues relating to her health. Based on the video clip, these are other reasons wherefore she might have started taking excessive drugs, alcohol and smoking as coping mechanism. Culture is both influencing and influenced by universal values, emotions and feelings that people may tract across different groups within the same culture or in some cases, across cultures (Peace and Corps, 2011). Although the direct role of culture on Kims way of living was difficult to predict, considering the definition by Peace and Corps, it might have influenced her either directly or indirectly.Impact of Kims way of living on her childrenKims lifestyle could not only be a risk to her health, experiencing such(prenominal) event can also be a danger to her childrens future. It can have a major impact on the psychology her children if they see their mothers way of living her life, which can also impact the lifestyle they might choose to live and may also encourage them to copy the same way of living. T he idea that early childhood experience have long-term implications is not new what is new, however, is the emerging understanding of how early childhood experience can influence biology of the developing child in ship canal that can influence health, well-being and competence decades later (Hertzman, 1999).Role of a health professional/or a nurse in addressing the issues of Kim and her unborn childThe health professional caseload includes the substance misuse, Kim and her partner, Adams mental health issues. This is because, these issues put the unborn child in a significant risk of adverse health consequences. As a health professional, a nurses duty would be to address Kims health and development issues before and after the delivery of the child. Another issue the nurse can face in Kims case could be lack of co-operation during the delivery of the service. There could arise the issues of stress as the nurse can be in fear that her client might not cooperate in the bent grass agre ements that would be required opus giving her the health service. In Kims case, despite the risk, the health professional decided not to put the unborn baby on the child security system register and had empathised with them by giving them a second chance to prove they can be good parents by educating and monitoring them. She was also concerned regarding the risks have-to doe with during the trial if anything would happen to the baby. This was the big closing that was made, considering the fact that Kim had been a drug and alcohol addict which also resulted the loss of her right to look after her children and Adam, who had mental health illness. . However, making decisions like this was a part of her role because it involved educating her clients to take charge of their lives and health. Her decision is also supported by the guideline provided by public health agency (2009), which state that a fundamental aspect of health promotion is to empower people to have more control over a spects of their lives that affects their health. and enable them to live individually, socially, and economically productive lives.Discussion and ConclusionThe DVD clip Someone to Watch over Me portrayed some health risk associated with each characters lifestyle. Kim was addicted to drug, alcohol and smoking that made her totally irrepsobile towards her children, and thus, were ultimately taken away from her custody. There are other studies that have suggested the similar risk associated with inveterate use of drugs and alcohol. Morales (2013) suggested alcohol dependence as a risk factor that can result in suicidal attempt. Furthermore, it suggested that chronic alcohol and drug intake is associated with mental illness such as depression and anxiety. It further suggested that excessive alcohol intake can decrease the persons self control ability and common sense, thus putting them in a singnificant risk of harming themselves or even creating thoughts of suicidal activities. It was witnessed that children were kept under her custody were starting, and the level of personal hygiene and sanitation was below the standard. The children looked dirty and all them appeared confused, which clearly showed the lack of care and management from their mother. The reason behind this is sooner understandable, which is also explained by Craven and Hirnle (2007). They explained the term dehumanization as the process of depriving a persons personality, spirit, privacy, and other human qualities., whichleads to a stage where an individual neglects the individuality, ignore their specific needs and fail to recognize the importance of their care to the loved onces.To solve the health and social issues associated with Kim and Adams conditions, there were objectives set by the health professional with an aim to improving their conditions. A second chance was given where they had to agree upon certain thing in oder to have a fourth child. She and her partner Adam would have to follow a set of rules and sign an agreement to be closely monitored due to Kims past irresponsible behaviour However, this decision raised concern to Kim because she had feared that her unborn baby might be taken away from her by the social service care because she had antecedently failed to manage her three children due to drug and alcohol misuse. Drug and alcohol misuse ruined her life as she went on to lose her all three children as their grown up in extremely miserable condition with lack of food and sanitation. Alchol and drug abuse was the main culprit behind this, which as well affected her health. He had developed a self-reactive and self-destructive over the course of time with chronic abuse of drug and alcohol. The correlation between such behaviours and alcohol and drug abuse was also explained by Morales (2013), and thus, corroborated with Kims condition.Although Kim agreed on the certain conditions in order to have a fourth child, however, the decision can be challenging to K im. Although, she decided to give up her previous way of living her life, to abruptly quit alcohol and drug is not loose and would require a great level of commitment from Kim itself. Health care professionals can help Kim in many ways to bring her back to a normal stage from where she and her newly born child can live a better quality of life In the DVD, Kim was witnessed smoking with her partner. Thus suggested that Kim was lock away unaware of the adverse health effects the smoking can induce during pregnancy.. One immediate action Kim should take was to quit smoking as she was in her final stage of pregnancy. Smoking in such stage could affect to herself, as well as her unborn child. The child might also be affected after the birth as the effect of smoking can persist longer even after the birth of the child. Communication could be an effective approach to deal with Kims condition in building a bridge between a health professional and Kim towards an aspect of achieving a posit ive progress in her health.ReferencesAccessed December 2013 Bhopal (2007) Bhopal R S. Ethnicity, race and health in multicultural societies. Oxford Oxford University Press 2007. Craven, R. F. & Hirnle, C. J. (2007). Textbooks of Basic Nursing Caroline Bunker Rosdalh Mary T. Kowalski 9 Edition. 2008 Craven, R. F., & Hirnle, C. J. (2012). Fundamental of nursing Human health and function (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA LippinCott William & Wilkins. Depatment of work and pensions. Household below average income statistics.London Department of work pension 2005. Keating D, Hertman C editors (1999). create health and the wealth of nations. Social biological and educational dynamics. New York the Guildford press. Laslett, L.J., Alagona, P.,Jr, Clark, B.A.,3rd, Drozda, J.P.,Jr, Saldivar, F., Wilson, S.R., Poe, C. & Hart, M. 2012, The worldwide environment of cardiovascular disease prevalence, diagnosis, therapy, and policy issues a report from the American College of Cardiology, daybook of th e American College of Cardiology, vol. 60, no. 25 Suppl, pp. S1-49. Marmot M, Wilkinson R G 2006 (eds) Social determinant of health, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford. An overview of factors known to affect health including unemployment, work and social support. Morales, J.C. (2013). Suicide A permanent decision to a passing problem. United States of America. Palibrio. Copyright. Naidoo J, Wills J 2009 Foundation for health promotion. Page last updated Thursday, June 06, 2013. Promoting Health A Practical Guide by Ina Simnett, Linda Ewles Stansfield & Marmot 2001 cited in foundation of health promotion Naidoo Jane and Jane willis 2009 Vivancos, R., Abubakar, I., Phillips-Howard, P. & Hunter, P.R. 2013, School-based sex education is associated with reduced risky sexual behaviour and sexually transmitted infections in young adults, creation health, vol. 127, no. 1, pp. 53-57. Www. Healthypeople.gov/2020/lhi/substanceabuse.aspx?tab=overview Www.health promotionagency.org.uk/Hea lthpromotion/Health/section 2.htm. Accessed December 2013.

The Vampire Diaries: The Fury Chapter Ten

December 12, Thursday morningDear Diary,So after a week of work, what have we accomplished?Well, between us weve managed to play along our three suspects just about continuously for the furthest six or seven days. Results reports on Roberts movements for the last week, which he spent acting like whatsoever normal businessman. Reports on Alaric, who hasnt been doing anything unusual for a history teacher. Reports on Mrs. Flowers, who apparently croaks most of her conviction in the basement. But we havent re tot onlyyy learned anything.Stefan says that Alaric met with the principal a couple times, but he couldnt get close adequate to hear what they were public lecture about.Meredith and Bonnie distribute the news about other pets be expressions dogs being dangerous. They didnt need to work very hard at it it seems as if everybody in town is on the sceptre of hysteria already. Since hence t here(predicate)ve been several other animal attacks reported, but its hard to know whi ch ones to take seriously. Some kids were teasing a squirrel and it bit them. The Massases pet run scratched their littlest boy. Old Mrs. Coomber saw copperhead snakes in her yard, when all the snakes should be hibernating.The only one Im reliable about is the attack on the vet who was keeping the dogs in quarantine. A bunch of them bit him and most of them escaped from the place pens. After that they just disappeared. People are saying good riddance and hoping theyll starve in the woods, but I wonder.And its been snowing all the time. Not storming but not b intertwine upping, either. Ive neer seen so much snow.Stefans worried about the dance tomorrow night.Which brings us stomach to what have we learned so far? What do we know? None of our suspects were anywhere near the Massases or Mrs. Coombers or the vets when the attacks happened. Were no closer to finding the otherwise Power than we were when we started.Maries little get-together is tonight. Meredith intends we should go to it. I dont know what else there is to do.Damon stretched out his long legs and spoke lazily, looking nigh the barn. No, I dont think its dangerous, particularly. But I dont see what you expect to accomplish.Neither do I, exactly, Elena admitted. But I dont have any better ideas. Do you?What, you mean about other ways to spend the time? Yes, I do. Do you want me to tell you about them? Elena waved him to silence and he subsided.In the basement, chorused several voices.And were all just sitting here. Does anybody have a better idea?Meredith broke the silence. If youre worried about its being dangerous for me and Bonnie, why dont you all have a go at it? I dont mean you have to show yourselves. You could tote up and hide in the attic. Then if anything happened, we could scream for help and you would hear us.I dont see why anybodys discharge to be screaming, said Bonnie. Nothings going to happen there.Well, mayhap not, but it doesnt smart to be safe, Meredith said. What do yo u think?Elena nodded slowly. It makes sense. She looked around for objections, but Stefan just shrugged, and Damon murmured somewhatthing that made Bonnie laugh.All right, then, its decided. Lets go.The inevitable snow greeted them as they stepped immaterial the barn.Bonnie and I can go in my car, Meredith said. And you three-Oh, well find our own way, Damon said with his wolfish smile. Meredith nodded, not impressed. Funny, Elena thought as the other girls walked away Meredith never was impressed with Damon. His charm seemed to have no effect on her.She was about to mention that she was hungry when Stefan turned to Damon. Are you willing to proceed with Elena the entire time youre over there? Every minute? he said.Try and stop me, Damon said cheerfully. He leave outped the smile. Why?Because if you are, the two of you can go over alone, and Ill make for you later. Ive got something to do, but it wont take long.Elena felt a wave of warmth. He was trying to trust his brother. Sh e smiled at Stefan in approval as he drew her aside.What is it?I got a note from Caroline today. She asked if I would meet her at the school originally Alarics party. She said she wanted to apologize.Elena opened her mouth to make a kinky remark, and then shut it again. From what shed hear, Caroline was a sorry sight these days. And maybe it would make Stefan feel better to talk to her.Well, you dont have anything to apologize for, she told him. Everything thathappened to her was her own fault. You dont think shes dangerous at all?Be careful, Elena said as he started off into the snow.The attic was as she remembered it, dark and dusty and full of mysterious oilcloth-covered shapes. Damon, who had come in more conventionally through the front admission, had had to take the shutters off to allow her in through the window. After that they sat side by side on the old mattress and listened to the voices that came up through the ducts.I could think of more romantic settings, Damon mur mured, fastidiously pulling a cobweb off his sleeve. Are you sure you wouldnt rather-Yes, said Elena. Now hush.It was like a game, listening to the bits and pieces of conversations and trying to put them together, trying to match each voice to a face.And then I said, I dont care how long youve had the parakeet get rid of it or Im going to the Snow Dance with Mike Feldman. And he said--rumor going around that Mr. Tanners grave was take up last night--you hear that everybody but Caroline has dropped out of the snow queen competition? Dont you think--dead, but Im telling you I saw her. And no, I wasnt aspiration she was wearing a sort of silvery dress and her hair was all golden and blowing-Elena raised her eyebrows at Damon, then looked meaningfully down at her advised black attire. He grinned.Romanticism, he said. Myself, I like you in black.Well, you would, wouldnt you? she murmured. It was strange how much more comfortable she felt with Damon these days. She sat quietly, letting the conversations drift around her, almost losing track of time. Then she caught a familiar voice, cross, and closer than the rest.Okay, okay, Im going. Okay.Elena and Damon exchanged a glance and rose to their feet as the handle on the attic door turned. Bonnie peered around the spring.Meredith told me to come up here. I dont know why. Shes hogging Alaric and its a rotten party. AchooShe sat down on the mattress, and after a few legal proceeding Elena sat back down beside her. She was beginning to wish that Stefan would get here. By the time the door opened again and Meredith came in, she was sure of it.Meredith, whats going on?Nothing, or at least null to worry about. Wheres Stefan? Merediths cheeks were unusually flushed, and there was an odd look about her eyeball, as if she were holding something tightly under control.Nothing, or at least nothing to worry about. Wheres Stefan? Merediths cheeks were unusually flushed, and there was an odd look about her eyes, as if she were holding something tightly under control.Never mind where he is. Whos coming up the stairs?What do you mean, whos coming up the stairs? said Bonnie, rising.Everybody just stay calm, Meredith said, taking up a position in front of the window as if guarding it. She didnt look overly calm herself, Elena thought. All right, she called, and the door opened and Alaric Saltzman came in.Damons motion was so smooth that even Elenas eyes couldnt follow it in one movement he caught Elenas wrist and pulled her fag him, at the same time moving to face Alaric directly. He ended in a predators crouch, every muscle drawn taut and ready for the attack.Oh, dont, cried Bonnie wildly. She flung herself at Alaric, who had already begun to recoil a step from Damon. Alaric nearly lost his balance and groped behind himself for the door. His other hand was groping at his belt.Stop it Stop it Meredith said. Elena saw the shape beneath Alarics jacket and realized it was a gun.Again, she couldnt quite follow what happened next. Damon let go of her wrist and took hold of Alarics. And then Alaric was sitting on the floor, wearing a dazed expression, and Damon was emptying the gun of cartridges, one by one.I told you that was loggerheaded and you wouldnt need it, Meredith said. Elena realized she was holding the dark-haired girl by the arms. She must have done it to keep Meredith from interfering with Damon, but she didnt remember.These wood-tipped things are nasty they efficiency hurt somebody, Damon said, mildly chiding. He replaced one of the cartridges and snapped the clip back in, aiming thoughtfully at Alaric.Stop it, said Meredith intensely. She turned to Elena. Make him stop, Elena hes only doing more harm. Alaric wont hurt you I promise. Ive spent all week convincing him that you wont hurt him.And now I think my wrist is broken, Alaric said, rather calmly. His sandy hair was falling into his eyes in front.Youve got no one but yourself to blame. Meredith returned bitterly. Bonni e, who had been clutching solicitously at Alarics shoulders, looked up at the familiarity of Merediths tone, and then backed away a few paces and sat down.I cant wait to hear the explanation for this, she said.Please trust me, Meredith said to Elena.Elena looked into the dark eyes. She did trust Meredith shed said so. And the words stirred another memory, her own voice inquire for Stefans trust. She nodded.Damon? she said. He flipped the gun away casually and then smiled around at all of them, making it abundantly clear that he didnt need any such artificial weapons.Damon? she said. He flipped the gun away casually and then smiled around at all of them, making it abundantly clear that he didnt need any such artificial weapons.Oh, Im sure, Bonnie said.Elena walked toward Alaric Saltzman. She wasnt panicked of him, but by the way he looked only at her, slowly, starting from the feet and then continuing up, he was afraid of her.She stopped when she was a yard from where he sat on th e ground and knelt there, looking into his face.Hello, she said.He was still holding his wrist. Hello, he said, and gulped.Elena glanced back at Meredith and then looked at Alaric again. Yes, he was scared. And with his hair in his eyes that way, he looked young. Maybe four years older than Elena, maybe five. No more than that.Were not going to hurt you, she said.Thats what Ive been telling him, Meredith said quietly. I explained that whatever hes seen before, whatever stories hes hear, youre different. I told him what you told me about Stefan, how hes been fighting his nature all those years. I told him about what youve been going through, Elena, and how you never asked for this.But why did you tell him so much? Elena thought. She said to Alaric, All right, you know about us. But all we know about you is that youre not a history teacher.Hes a hunter, Damon said softly, menacingly. A vampire hunter.No, said Alaric. Or at least, not in the sense that you mean it. He seemed to come to some decision. All right. From what I know of you three- He broke off, looking around the dark room as if suddenly realizing something. Wheres Stefan?Hes coming. In fact, he should be here by now. He was going to stop by the school and bring Caroline, Elena said. She was unprepared for Alarics reaction.Caroline Forbes? he said sharply, sitting up. His voice sounded the way it had when shed overheard him talking with Dr. Fein berg and the principal, hard-edged and decisive.Yes. She sent him a note today, said she wanted to apologize or something. She wanted to meet him at school before the party.He cant go. Youve got to stop him. Alaric scrambled to his feet and repeated urgently, Youve got to stop him.Hes gone(p) already. Why? Why shouldnt he? Elena demanded.Because I hypnotized Caroline two days ago. Id tried it earlier with Tyler, with no luck. But Carolines a good subject, and she remembered a little of what happened in the Quonset hut. And she identified Stefan Salvatore as th e attacker.Dont you understand? Youre not just dealing with high school students anymore, Alaric said. Its gone too far. Carolines father knows about it, and Tylers father. Theyre concerned for the safety of the town-Hush Be quiet Elena was casting about with her mind, trying to pick up some principal of Stefans presence. Hes let himself get weak, she thought, with the part of her that was icy calm amid the whirling fear and panic. At last she sensed something, just a trace, but she thought it was Stefan. And it was in distress.Somethings wrong, Damon confirmed, and she realized he must have been searching, too, with a mind much more powerful than hers. Lets go.Wait, lets talk first. Dont just go jumping into this. But Alaric talent as well have been talking to the wind, trying to rein in its destructive power with words. Damon was already at the window, and the next moment Elena let herself drop out, landing neatly by Damon in the snow. Alarics voice followed them from above.Were coming, too. Wait for us there. Let me talk to them first. I can take care of itElena scarcely heard him. Her mind was burning with one purpose, one thought. To hurt the people who wanted to hurt Stefan. Its gone too far, all right, she thought. And now Im going to go as far as it takes. If they dare to touch him images flashed through her mind, too quickly to count, of what she would do to them. At another time, she might have been shocked at the quicken of adrenaline, of excitement, that coursed up at the thoughts.She could sense Damons mind beside her as they raced over the snow it was like a blaze of red light and fury. The fierceness inside Elena welcomed it, effulgent to feel it so near. But then something else occurred to her.Im slowing you down, she said. She was scarcely out of breath, even from running through unbroken snow, and they were making extraordinary time. But nothing on two legs, or even four, could match the speed of a birds wings. Go on, she said. Get there as fast as you can. Ill meet you.She didnt stay to watch the pig and shudder of the air, or the swirling darkness that ended in the rush of beating wings. But she glanced up at the crow that soared up and she heard Damons mental voice.Good hunting, it said, and the winged black shape arrowed toward the school.Good hunting, Elena thought after him, meaning it. She redoubled her speed, her mind fixed all the while on that glimmer of Stefans presence.Stefan lay on his back, wishing his vision wasnt so blurred or that he had more than a tentative hold on consciousness. The blur was partly pain and partly snow, but there was also a trickle of blood from the three-inch wound in his scalp.If only he could collect his thoughts enough to call for help but the weakness that had allowed these men to overcome him so easily prevented that, too. Hed scarcely fed since the night hed attacked Tyler. That was ironic, somehow. His own guilt was responsible for the the great unwashed he was in.I sho uld never have tried to change my nature, he thought. Damon had it right after all.Everyones the same-Alaric, Caroline, everyone. Everyone will betray you. I should have hunted them all and enjoyed it.He hoped Damon would take care of Elena. Shed be safe with him Damon was strong and ruthless. Damon would teach her to survive. He was glad of that.But something inside him was crying.The crows sharp eyes spotted the cut across shafts of headlight below and dropped. But Damon didnt need the confirmation of sight he was homing in on the faint pulsation that was Stefans life-force. Faint because Stefan was weak and because hed all but given up.You never learn, do you, brother? Damon thought to him. I ought to just leave you where you are. But even as he skimmed the ground, he was changing, taking a shape that would do more damage than a crow.The black wolf leaped into the knot of men surrounding Stefan, aiming precisely for the one holding the sharpened cylinder of wood above Stefans ch est. The force of the blow knocked the man ten feet backward, and the stake went skittering across the grass. Damon restrained his impulse-all the stronger because it fit the instincts of the shape he was wearing-to lock his teeth in the mans throat. He twisted around and went back for the other men who were still standing.His second rush scattered them, but one of them reached the edge of the light and turned, lifting something to his shoulder. Rifle, thought Damon. And probably loaded with the same specially treated bullets as Alarics handgun had been. There was no way to reach the man before he could get a shot off. The wolf growled and crouched for a leap anyway. The mans fleshy face creased in a smile.Quick as a liaison snake, a white hand reached out of the darkness and knocked the rifle away. The man looked around frantically, bewildered, and the wolf let its jaws fall open in a grin. Elena had arrived.