Ethical perspective of a global issue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical perspective of a global issue - Essay ExampleThe possibility of human clone was raised when Scottish scientists at Roslin set up created the much-celebrated sheep Dolly (Lauritzen 57-64). Dolly aroused worldwide interest and concern because of the scientific and ethical implications in creating her. The feat, cited by Science magazine as the breakthrough of 1997, as well submitd uncertainty over the meaning of cloning --an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. (Murray, 41) When the media report on cloning in the news, they are usually talking about only one type called reproductive cloning. There are different types of cloning however, and cloning technologies quite a little be used for other purposes besides producing the genetic twin of another organism. A basic understanding of the different types of cloning is key to taking an advised stance on current public policy issues and making the be st possible personal decisions. (Murray, 41)The following three types of cloning technologies are the most advanced (1) recombinant DNA technology or DNA cloning, (2) reproductive cloning, and (3) therapeutic cloning. ... Scientists studying a particular gene often use bacterial plasmids to generate bigeminal copies of the same gene. Plasmids are self-replicating extra-chromosomal circular DNA molecules, distinct from the normal bacterial genome (see image to the right). Plasmids and other types of cloning vectors are used by Human Genome image researchers to copy genes and other pieces of chromosomes to generate enough identical material for further study. (Walters, 69)Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. More than 90% of cloning attempts break off to produce viable offspring. More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. In addition to low mastery rates, cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune functio n and higher rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders. Japanese studies have shown that cloned mice live in poor wellness and die early. (Lauritzen 57-64) About a third of the cloned calves born alive have died young, and many of them were abnormally large. Many cloned animals have not lived longsighted enough to generate good data about how clones age. Appearing healthy at a young age unfortunately is not a good indicator of long term survival. Clones have been known to die mysteriously. For example, Australias first cloned sheep appeared healthy and energetic on the day she died, and the results from her autopsy failed to determine a cause of death. (Walters 69)In 2002, researchers at the Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research in Cambridge, Massachusetts, reported that the genomes of cloned mice are compromised. In analyzing more than 10,000 liver and placenta cells of cloned mice, they discovered

Only Hope comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Only Hope comparison - Essay ExampleOn the other hand, Condon authored a book describing his findings from an long study that sought to describe how the youth of the Inuit people of the Holman island of Canada Arctic coped with the rigorous changes of adolescence amidst many social, economic, and demographic transformations. Both of these books offer an anthropological verbal description of the Inuit youth and Chinese singletons. This paper will offer a comparison of the research questions addressed, methodologies, roles of the research , the content described in the two books and the conclusions drawn. Fongs as highlighted in the book only hope research question centered on determining what type of attributes were exhibited by singletons. The research was probed by the fact that parents of singletons bestowed a lot of hope in these children. Moreover, the possibility that the parents accorded these children all their attention and offered them multiple material things would have ha d the potential of spoiling such children. On the other hand, Condon realised that the adolescence stage presented rigorous psychological, emotional, hormonal, and physical changes that define the transition from childhood to adulthood (Fong, 2006). This prompted him to analyze how the adolescents of the Inuit youth in the Holman Island in the Canadian Arctic region coped with the social, economic, and demographic factors. He reasoned that understanding how all these changes shaped the maturation process of the adolescents could offer an advanced understanding of functioning processes of humans. Fong carried a study in the Dalian region, a coastal city that was undergoing transformation from an industrial center to service-oriented town. For 27 months, in the years 1997-2002, Fong worked closely with various schools, students, and parents. Her survey was extensive and included 2273 students in different ranks of schools. She had the privilege of visiting about 107 homes in the reg ion (Fong, 2006). She identified 31 families as her sample after having an extensive interaction through tutorial classes offered at heart the home setting. The role of her research was to determine whether the one child policy had any impact on the children born. On the other hand, Condon carried out two extensive field studies of the Inuit youth on the Holman Island. Although his first study sought to address a different objective, it offered an introductory understanding of the community (Condon, 1988). He compiled his findings after sevensome years of an interactive field study. The role of his research was to analyze how the youth coped with the numerous changes that defined their lives. Condon selected sub-section of the Holman Island as his sample population. Fongs research revealed that singletons faced a surging pressure to become exemplary children as her findings highlight. The different chapters in her book reveal that parents expected singletons to demonstrate a highe r sense of concentrate in school compared to children who had siblings. This translated into different forms of pressure exerted on the children by the parents so that they would meet the defined expectations (Fong, 2006). It becomes evident from the findings described that parents had viewed singletons in terms of the future. The research

Pricing Decisions Case Study on the Springfield Noreasters Essay

Pricing Decisions Case Study on the Springfield Noreasters - Essay ExampleThe league baseball game exertion is pretty mordant in the city of Springfield as of 2008. A minor league ice hockey team was about to leave the city because of unimproved revenues all over the time. The Noreasters just opened up in the city and not a single match would be played for another one and a half(a) year by the team. Most of the minor league baseball games in the US are well attended and there are as many a(prenominal) as 176 minor league teams in the country. The fans considered the tickets to be affordable as they could closely watch the games. The government was also investing some bucks in the industry which was evident by player development programs and team funding. The marketing director should be delighted to know that the teams which provided value entertainment often had high attending though the teams were mediocre. This shows that the industry has a great potential for the teams wi lling to entertain the audience, MarketThe citizens in the Springfield city can be said to be take of the baseball league games as they had to travel to neighboring cities to watch these games. The market is very dilute for the baseball teams as no baseball team for the city exists. The Falcons, a minor league ice hockey team also was planning to leave the city because of low level of sales and numerous unsold tickets. It was found in the secondary research that only 8% of the total sample Springfield population in 2005 attended a professional baseball game in that year.

Running Fence by Christo and Jeanne-Claude Essay

caterpillar track Fence by Christo and Jeanne-Claude - Essay ExampleThe biggest continuous p fine art of the Running Fence that remains intact is intermission below Rio Theaters ceiling in Monte Rio. The Running Fence is perceived to be among the most significant projects as far as public arts are concerned, and at the time when it was installed, it was one of the most ambitious projects that were embarked on by Christo and Jeanne-Claude after they arrived in the US in 1964. When the art piece was made public at Americas bicentennial, it caught the imagination of the public as the exceptional beauty of the light as well as the weather that played across the fences fabric sharply contrasted with the issue of limitations and division that underlie the aspects that are usually conveyed by fences. In the eccentric person of Christo and Jeanne-Claude, the fence was an embodiment of bigger issues in regards to human freedom as well as a constraint. The manner in which the Running Fence was planned, knowing and installed along with the critical response to the piece was a tone-setter for the rest of their bigger projects as none of them could have been conceivable without the Running Fence. Between 1972, when the idea of the Running Fence was initially conceived and 1976 the artists experienced apparent overwhelming difficulties and apart from negotiations of land rights with numerous ranchers, they had to deal with administrative obstacles at a time when they were not famous. The 2 artists had the ability to convince ordinary people of the transformative aspects associated with art.

Second World War Essay Example for Free

blurb introduction state of war EssayThe number 1 dry land War was truly a significant issue in history. The tension that began in Europe evolved into a world(a) conflict which lasted for four long years. The war claimed the lives of both soldiers and civilians, and resulted in the massive destruction of property. later on the war ended, the countries involved undertook measures which sought-after(a) to avoid another global conflict. One of those measures was the drafting of several peace settlements, including the Versailles pact. This agreement punished Germany and made it solely liable for the occurrence of the war. Unfortunately, the agreement caused bitterness from the Germans and paved the way for another world war to occur. Coincidentally, it was the countenance World War which resolved the unaddressed issues of the first salient War. Indeed, the Versailles Treaty caused the occurrence of the Second World War, which ended the problems of the First World War. Th e Versailles Treaty considered Germany to be the only state liable to the occurrence of the First World War. It must be noted that Germany did initiate the establishment of the alliance system, which guaranteed increased conflict in Europe (Perry, 1989).As an outcome of its triumph in the Franco-Prussian War, Germany acquired the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine. In an attempt to secure these former cut territories and prevent France from regaining them, the Chancellor of Germany Otto von Bismarck allied with Italy and Austria-Hungary. Germany continued its aggression after Bismarck was removed from office. When William II assumed the throne, Germany demanded more territory and began to increase its naval strength. However, Germany was not the only nation to blame for the First World War. In fact, Serbia was responsible for starting the war.It was a shooting incident which triggered the widespread conflict a Serbian named Gavrilo Princip shot Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria- Hungary and his wife (Heyman, 1997). Austria sought to attack Serbia in return, and turned to Germany for assistance. Hence, the starting point of the First World War was the conflict amid Austria and Serbia (Perry, 1989). The end of the First World War brought about several attempts at the restoration of peace, but it was prevented by intentions of the touch parties.Prior to the end of the First World War, U.S. electric chair Woodrow Wilson had al urinate drafted a program for peace which he presented in Congress through the Fourteen Points address (Perry, 1989). One of the major points he suggested in his speech was peace without victory (as cited in Perry, 1989, p. 647). Wilson wanted the other countries to practice fairness towards Germany, for he thought that in earnest penalizing the nation would only force it to avenge their losses. He simply wanted a fair settlement which would guarantee improved foreign relations between the victors and the defeated countries.Unfortuna tely, Wilsons hopes ran against the bitter feelings which were developed during the war. The European Allies suffered massive losses, which in turn caused hatred between countries. Among all Allies, France was most affected by the First World War majority of the battles which happened in the western front took place in French territory. While more than three million French citizens were wounded, more than a million French soldiers died in the war. Hence, it was to be expected that France desired severe punishment for Germany and sought to be compensated for its damaged properties (Perry, 1989).The Versailles Treaty did not guarantee fair treatment towards Germany, as it imposed harsh sanctions on the defeated nation. The settlement was evidently disadvantageous for Germany it was created to decrease their power and territory. The treaty was beneficial for France not only did it regain Alsace-Lorraine, but it in addition obtained control everywhere the Saar coal mines (Halsall, 194 4). Germany also lost territory to Poland and Britain (Perry, 1989). In addition, the Versailles treaty importantly reduced the military capability of Germany.The agreement required the German army to be limited to 100,000 people, all of which were to be volunteers (Halsall, 1944). Germany was also asked to demilitarize their territories in both sides of Rhine River. More importantly, the treaty demanded Germany to pay other nations due to the damages which resulted from the war. Germany was supposed to pay $33 billion worth of reparations, an amount only determined dickens years after the nation signed the treaty (Perry, 1989). In general, the Versailles Treaty blamed Germany for the First World War and severely punished it as a result.Consequently, the Germans were angered by the conditions of the Versailles Treaty and provoked them to start yet another world war. Germany was enraged by the demands for reparations they thought that the amount given for them to pay exceeded the na tions financial capacity (Perry, 1989). Germans also disagreed with treaty on grounds of being solely responsible for the outcome of the war. They upheld the belief that Germany must not be singled out, for all the nations involved in the war must be held accountable for its consequences.After the First World War, Germany became a part of the League of Nations, the organization which was created for the usage of developing peace and cooperation between countries. The country also participated in other postwar activities directed at maintaining peace. Despite these efforts, majority of the Germans were still not ready for peace. Most of them remained bitter towards the Versailles Treaty. The animosity was derived from humiliation after defeat after all, the settlement disarmed their nation, reduced their territories and required them to pay a great sum (Bergen, 2002).The Weimar governance attempted to modify the treaty through peaceful means. When Adolf Hitler came into power, he c ompletely undermined the Versailles Treaty (Perry, 1989). With Hitler as leader, Germany violated the Versailles Treaty and started the path to the Second World War. Hitler pronto broke the conditions of the treaty he disregarded the limitations imposed on the country. He immediately increased the army to 550,000 men and rearmed it (Sulzberger, 1985).Hitler also sent troops in Rhineland this action was clearly a violation of the demilitarization in the area as demanded in the treaty. In what seemed to be a response to the loss of lands due to the Versailles Treaty, Hitler sought to expand German territory by uniting all German-speaking people (Sulzberger, 1985). All of the aforementioned aggressive acts committed by Hitler sparked another global conflict and eventually resulted in what everybody feared the Second World War. Ironically, the problems of the First World War were resolved by the Second World War.One of the problems of the Great War was self-determination, the principle wherein national groups choose their own political state (Perry, 1989). The reason behind Archduke Ferdinands assassination was the Serbs desire to unite all Slavic peoples. President Wilson included the principle of self-determination in his Fourteen Points, yet it proved to be problematic. Hitler even used the principle to invade other countries. After the Second World War, self-determination was no longer proposed. Instead, the Atlantic Charter drafted by U. S. President Franklin D.Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill proposed the self-government to peoples. Meanwhile, the restoration of peace was also a dilemma after the First World War. The nations tried to restore peace through various peace settlements, including the Versailles Treaty. However, the treaty exacerbated the war problem. After the Second World War, there was already an international organization established to maintain peace among countries. Rather than make individual peace treaties to each Ax is power, the associate countries sought peace as the United Nations.This move proved to be more effective in restoring global peace and order (Perry, 1989). The First World War was a genuinely significant experience. The armed conflict was caused and characterized by tension, so there were many efforts to avoid yet another war from winning place. The Versailles Treaty was a peace settlement, but it did not contribute to the restoration of peace. Rather, it caused the Second World War by provoking Germany to seek revenge over its sanctions. Fortunately, with the occurrence of the Second World War, the problems of the Great War were settled.

Chemical and Physical Properties Essay Example for Free

Chemical and Physical Properties EssayObserve the solubility in igneous piss. c. Tear off approximately 1/2-cm pieces of both red and sullen litmus paper. d. Allow the solution to cool, and using the glass stirring rod, permute a drop of the solution onto a piece of litmus paper. exhibit the results. Clean the stirring rod. 5. Third test tube a. Add a few pipet drops of HCl (hydrochloric acid) to the sample and stir. NOTE Use the test tube holderclamp as some reactions are exothermic, i. e. the test tube may get very hot. Record both apparent reaction or solubility. Clean the stirring rod. 6.Fourth test tube Add a few pipet drops of NaOH (sodium hydroxide) to the sample. Stir. Record any apparent reaction or solubility. Clean the stirring rod. 7. Thoroughly clean and dry all 4 test tubes. Repeat Steps 2 though 6 with the next substance. Experimental Results Substance Zn discolour Grey Odor None Effect of estrus decreases content curled in with sparkle color Solub. Or answe r w/cold H20 No reaction discover / not soluble Solub. Or Reaction w/ hot H20 lengthen boiling from retained heat/ non soluble litmus test test None observed prune HCI positive reaction resulting in the formation of gas, carbonation, and darkened Dilute NaOH creates foggy substance and blackens solid Substance Cu touch Copper Odor None noted Effect of Heat Turned black Solub. Or Reaction w/cold H20 not soluble Solub. Or Reaction w/ hot H20 not soluble Litmus test None observed Dilute HCI tarnished not observed Dilute NaOH none observed Substance Mg Color Silver Odor None observed Effect of Heat increases in dullness Solub. Or Reaction w/cold H20 no reaction observed/ non soluble Solub.Or Reaction w/ hot H20 change magnitude heat / non soluble Litmus test no change Dilute HCI rapid boiling and heat Dilute NaOH liquid is cloudy Substance MgO Color White Odor None observed Effect of Heat none observed Solub. Or Reaction w/cold H20 mel carry over Solub. Or Reaction w/ hot H20 Solub le Litmus test Red paper turned blue / blue no reaction Dilute HCI Carbonated Soluble Dilute NaOH Dense Soluble Substance CuC03 Color Green Odor pungent Effect of Heat turned black Solub. Or Reaction w/cold H20 slightly murky, but does not appear solubleSolub. Or Reaction w/ hot H20 slightly murky, but none soluble Litmus test changes blue to red showing slight acidity Dilute HCI carbonation and soluble Dilute NaOH turns blue w/ slight soluble Substance Cu(NO3)2 Color Blue crystals Odor slight odor Effect of Heat melted and turned green Solub. Or Reaction w/cold H20 turned water blue and is soluble Solub. Or Reaction w/ hot H20 no change observed from the cool water and is soluble Litmus test blue litmus turned to red for acid Dilute HCI turned green Dilute NaOH soluble formed Substance NaClColor white crystals Odor none observed Effect of Heat none noted Solub. Or Reaction w/cold H20 becomes slightly soluble Solub. Or Reaction w/ hot H20 fully soluble Litmus test red turns to blue indicating that its basic Dilute HCI none observed Dilute NaOH none observed QUESTIONS A Did you observe any chemic substance changes in this experiment? Chemical changes are observed during the experiment B What evidence did you use to decide that something was a chemical change? Indications of chemical changes were preceded by the burning, rusting, ermenting, and decomposing of the substances. As a result, a new substance will have its own whimsical corporeal properties C have at least two examples of chemical changes you observed. Adding colorless sodium hydroxide to blue copper(II) nitrate produces a light blue precipitate Zinc thin with Hydrogen Chloride is positive for a chemical reaction resulting in the formation of gas, carbonation, and darkened D Classify the following properties of sodium metal as forcible or chemical Silver metallic color physical Turns gray in air chemical Melts at 98oC physicalReacts explosively with chlorine chemical E Classify the fol lowing changes as physical or chemical Water freezes at OoC physcical change Baking soda when combined with vinegar produces bubbles- chemical change Mothballs gradually disappear at room temperature physical change Ice cubes in a freezer get smaller with time physical change Baking soda loses mass as it is heated physical chemical Tarnishing of silver chemical change F How would you show that dissolving sidestep salt is a physical change? A physical change will not change the composition of a substance.When adding water to a salt, the ions of table salt are hydrated with water molecules which reduced the strong electrostatic forces of the ions. To return salt to the original state, simply remove the hydrated water molecules by boiling the table salt. Conclusions In a chemical change one or more new substances are formed. The new substance has its own unique identity which is different from the original. It has properties that are different than those of the starting material in addition, the original materials is not able to be reproduced by physical means.

Tribal friendly rights and government apathy

tribal matey rights and p housential term apathyPanchayat Extension to schedule Areas (PESA), Forest Rights motivate and the tribal situation in IndiaThe interplay of tribal friendly rights and politics apathyIntroductionThe en interpretment of the PESA (The panchayat extension to schedule areas act, 1996) aimed for decadence of fountain to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) in the scheduled areas at the grass-root level. While, the FRA (Forest Rights Act, 2006) emphasizes on recognition of claim over the af timbreland of which the tribals deal been inhabitants for generations. However, the legislation has been unsuccessful in mainstreaming the tribals as nearly as there have been serious cases of violation creating uproar among the indigenous communities. Since, both the legislation have interdependence in terms of their functioning it becomes very in-chief(postnominal) for one to have a clear understanding of both the acts and their implication in present settings. The p aper is an attempt to discuss the so-called tribal friendly acts the PESA and the FRA. The paper starts with the historical background that lead to the formation of the acts followed by some elementary features of the act laid down for identifying the basic right of the tribal cosmos and their claim over rights. The discussion follows with a case study on violation of these rights.Forests Rights Act 2006Historical Background The first enactment of the forest rights act was during the colonial periods in British India in the year 1865. The British establishment drafted the act to oversee the claims by different communities who usanced the forest conventionally for centuries to ensure minor forest produce. On the other hand, the act empowered the British government to demarcate either forest as government forest and therefore make rules for its management. In fact, the 1865 act termed the forest as worthless and the communities could use it unhindered. However, soon when the de mand for use of timber in the railways rise the colonial government embarked upon the idea of bringing a new act that could curtail free use of forest produce. The previous act defined unhindered use of forest produce provided the new act specified issue of unwarranted arrest of anyone found offending the new legality. Thus, the new law exercised the full tick of the state over the forests. Under previous act, any land that has green cover can be declared as a forestland.However the comestible itself restricted the state to plant trees on a barren land and declare it a forestland. The earlier act also had no mentioning of principles on which a state or certain communities could manage a forest. Similarly, rights on hunting and grazing unmentioned under the previous act, which individuals were accustomed-to. Thus, the colonial government releaseed the use of forest by the communities as a privilege but with no legal sanction. In this way, the colonial Government set out to draft a new law where it could exercise full control over a forest. Thus, under the new draft the categorization of forest made (reserved, protected or village) basing upon its valuable use for future and viands made to guard the same. A restriction on grazing was mandated and protection of certain species of plants maintained by the new law to forestall the communities to withdraw minor forest produce including timber. Thus, the Indian Forest Act of 1867 came into being including all the provision where the state had full control over the Indian forest.The new act also took under consideration of the communities that practiced shifting cultivation by settlements made by the appointed settlement officer on claims made. Thus, new set of edible clearly demarcated the category of forest to be a reserve, protected or a village forest.However, certain amendments were made to the animated forest acts of 1867, as amended acts of 1927 that included the provisions of imprisonment to violator s of the previous acts. Provisions like levying of duties on extracting the timber produce out of the forest. Nevertheless, some solace were also made on grazing of animals because of increasing conflict between the forest dwellers and the officials.THE SCHEDULED TRIBES AND OTHER TRADITIONAL FOREST DWELLERS (RECOGNITION OF FORESTS RIGHTS) ACT, 2006The ministry of tribal affairs implements the provisions made under the act. The act came into effect from 31.12.2007. The present act aims at recognizing the forest rights and occupations of the traditional forest dwellers who have been residing in the forestland for generations. The act also has provisions to legitimate the claims of present forest dwellers of their ancient lands whose rights could not be recorded during the colonial period and ensures the same through a framework. However, the right does not allow the unhindered use of the forestland. A traditional dweller can use the forestland for livelihoods solely if sustainable fo r the forest and guarantees to maintain ecological balance as well as the diversity. Some amendments were also made in 2012 regarding the disposal and sale of minor forest produce with exemption from any fees or royalties.Some basic provisions of the act are as followsAn individual if belonging to a member of a traditional forest dwelling community has the right to reside in a forestland for the purpose of habitation or any socio-economic activities like cultivationOne can collect minor forest produce indoors or beyond the village boundary if a traditional forest dwellerCommunity rights to fishing and grazing of cattle if belonging to nomadic or pastoral communitiesProvisions of community tenure for primitive tribes over a forest landFor claims over a piece of land by change of pattas to titles by the local authorityThe act provisions conversion of old unsurveyed forest villages into revenue villages whether or not it had any previous evidence of any form of ratificationCustomary rights to traditional forest dweller over village forestNon-diversion of forest land that involves felling of not more than 75 trees per hectare for government structure like schools, hospitals, anganwadis or electric/telephone lines or any other government projectsPrior permission of gram sabha if at all such(prenominal) structures are built for benefit of the peopleA community has to be resettled and equally compensated if displaced from a conserved or protected forest that to with prior permission of the gram sabhaPanchayat (Extension to Schedule Areas) Act 1996 Historical background of the actThe act was enacted as an extension to the 73rd amendment act, for self-governance at grass-root level in schedule v and schedule VI areas. The formation of the schedule areas can be traced back to history during the colonial period with the delineating of extremely backward tribal regions into schedule areas. The areas were scheduled under the Scheduled District Act of 1874, further classi fication into two broad categories were made under the Government of India Act of 1935. The northeastern states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram declared as schedule VI areas whereas the rest of the tribal areas in different states delineated as schedule V areas.The government of India during the implementation of the Panchayati Raj Act found it difficult to exclude the schedule areas under its ambit. Since, the schedule areas act does not provide legal sanctions to the 73rd amendment. There was also huge uproar since the Tribal Advisory Council and the Autonomous District Council in the schedule V and schedule VI areas respectively holds exclusive rights to administer tribal areas. Moreover, the respective council holds exclusive power to repeal or amend any legislation regarding the administration of the schedule areas under its jurisdiction. Thus, the government of India in 1994 set up a committee chaired by Dileep Singh Bhuria to submit recommendations on providing a f ramework for administration of the scheduled areas. All the provisions in the 73rd amendment are applicable in schedule areas but only with certain exceptions and modifications. The PESA provisions for democratic participation in decision-making processes at grass-root level, the basic features of the act are as followsprovisions for panchayat to safeguard the customary laws and traditional social and religious practicesRights for villages or habitation to manage its affairs according to traditional and customary lawsGram sabha to safeguard the traditions and customs of the people and resolve trash according to the customary lawsGram sabha to approve all government developmental projects at village level Gram sabha to decide on the identification of beneficiaries for government schemesProportionate reservation of seats in panchayat electionsGram sabha or panchayats to decide on land acquisition for development projects with proper rehabilitation of the unnatural personPanchayat or gram sabha to grant mining lease and prospecting license for minor mineralsConcerned state government through panchayats and gram sabha to obstruct alienation of land alienated illegally and restoration of such landto ensure management of minor water bodiesCase studiesThe case of Niyamgiri tribes A serious violation of Forest Rights Act and PESA can be seen in Niyamgiri where the Orissa government signed a joint agreement with the state owned Orissa archeological site association and the Vedanta Alumina to set up an alumina refinery. The region is the place of indigenous Dongaria tribes who have lived there for almost two centuries. The company plans to extract bauxite from the Niyamgiri hills for its proposed alumina refinery at Lanjigarh in the Koraput district of Orissa. The hills are also their place of worship for generations, to a male deity Niyam Raja Penu. The Dongaria tribes consider themselves the descendants of the Niyam raja. Thus, the Niyamgiri hills are not just a place of cultural heritage to the tribal community but also of economic importance to the state government for its rich bauxite mines.The government in its series of violation granted mining lease without the consultation of the local tribes. The government also hurried in giving environmental clearance to allow the company to set up its unit without studying the environmental impacts of the project. The company in its part violated the basic norms of not conducting the gram sabhas or consulting the panchayats to hold out on the project. Moreover, there is no concrete plan of rehabilitation and resettlement of the tribes facing displacement due to the project. The local tribes on the other hand have no plans to negotiate with the company, since they consider it as an invasion into their homeland. The government in its obsession to pursue economic desires violated the fundamental rights of its own citizens against all legalities. The primal empowered committee of the Supreme Cour t also found lot of illegalities against the central government in granting mining lease to the company. Moreover, the region belongs to the scheduled areas thus it becomes a serious issue since the constitution mandates non-transfer of tribal land to non-tribal.Apart from being rich in minerals, the region is also a place of numerous wildlife animals declared vulnerable. The Dongaria known for their primitive way of life are alien to the outside world. They have been practicing sustainable agriculture depending upon the forest for their livelihood. The name Dongaria itself derives its name from dongar that way of life ones whose agriculture land are at the hills.However, the Supreme Court ruling on November 27, 2007 provided some respite to the agitating tribal by putting flitting ban on bauxite mining. On the other hand, it also provided the company with an escape clause to request for fresh proposal if it abides by all the guidelines pertaining to the law. Despite fastness op position, the government is adamant to its decision to give the company a free run. Repeated protest from the civil society and Ngos has also resolute the government in its stance. Nevertheless, the government looks keen to facilitate the company in whatsoever situation or allegation of violation of any constitutional rights. resultantAlthough, certain legislations have been implemented starting from the colonial to the post-independence era in the name of tribals they lacked basic understanding of the tribal rights. The acts and laws on one hand guarantees to safeguard the fundamental rights as enshrined in the constitution. On the other hand, the state itself comes up as the biggest violator of the rights of its citizen. The tribal communities have been subjugated to exploitation from fourth dimension to time and their voices suppressed by use of force by the state. The acts as always termed to be tribal friendly and talks of promoting their rich cultural and social determine along with an aim to mainstream them with various developmental projects. However, the state has always failed in its every attempt to listen the voices of the marginalized and still alienates them from not only their land but from worldly affairs.ReferencesGuha, R. (1983). Forestry in British and post-British India A historical analysis.Economic and governmental Weekly, 1882-1896.Ray, S., Saini, S. (2011). Development and Displacement The Case of an Opencast Coal Mining Project in Orissa.Sociological Bulletin, 45-64.Sahu, G. (2008). Mining in the Niyamgiri Hills and tribal rights.Economic and Political Weekly, 19-21.Sharan, R. (2005). Alienation and restoration of tribal land in Jharkhand Current issues and possible strategies.Economic and Political Weekly, 4443-4446.Upadhyay, S. (2003). JFM in India Some legal concerns.Economic and Political Weekly, 3629-3631.